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  • - If I asked you to show me a picture of your mother,

    我如果請你給我看一張你媽的照片

  • you wouldn't show me a, uh, closeup shot of her elbow.

    你不會只給我一張她手肘的特寫

  • But you could, and you'd be right.

    你要是真的這麼做 也不能說你不對

  • That would be a photo of her,

    那的確是一張你媽的照片

  • but it wouldn't feel right because it's not her face.

    但是感覺怪怪的 因為那不是她的臉部

  • That's how important faces are to us.

    這代表臉部對我們的重要性

  • We're going to see if forcing a facial expression

    我們要來看看刻意製造臉部表情

  • can change the way we feel.

    是否會改變我們的觀感

  • - Are you comfortable handling dog feces?

    你有辦法處理狗的糞便嗎?

  • Okay.

    好的

  • - And if you remove the ability

    而如果你失去

  • to make facial expressions,

    製造臉部表情的能力

  • will it affect how you perceive emotions in others?

    這又會不會影響你對情感的洞察力

  • - What? - No.

    啥?

  • - How could that--that--no.

    那怎麼可能

  • - I don't think so.

    我不認為

  • - And what are we saying by raising an eyebrow?

    那挑眉又代表什麼意思?

  • Do you know?

    你知道嗎?

  • [electronic music]

    為什麼這樣會看起來不高興?

  • ♪ ♪

    那為什麼這樣又看起來很開心?

  • Why does doing this make me look angry?

    這些表情到底從哪來的?

  • And why does doing this make me look so happy?

    當我們講到人與人之間的互動關係

  • Where does all this stuff come from?

    會很直覺認為語言是最主要的工具

  • When it comes to interpersonal communication,

    然而 我們臉上幾乎是沒有什麼毛髮

  • it's easy to think that speech dominates,

    這在哺乳動物裡面算是很獨特的

  • but yet, we have hairless faces.

    我們很容易看見彼此表情

  • That's very unique among mammals

    臉部表情可以說是人類的共通語言

  • that are easy to see expressions on.

    微笑不管在哪都是微笑

  • Facial expressions are shared across humanity.

    我們的臉部似乎特別適合用來做溝通

  • A smile is a smile in any language.

    在還沒有發展出語言之前

  • Our faces seem uniquely adapted for communication.

    靠臉部表情溝通

  • Before we developed language, facial expressions

    可能跟吶喊或低吼同等重要

  • may have been just as vital in communication

    而時至今日我們還在用這種方式

  • as shouts and grunts.

    但是臉部表情的特點在於

  • And we, of course, still use them today.

    並不只是你在觀察別人的表情

  • But when it comes to facial expressions,

    或對方在觀察你的表情

  • it's not just about seeing other people's expressions

    而是你也能看見自己的表情

  • and having them see yours.

    由於我們的眼睛是陷入臉部的

  • It's also about seeing your own.

    這讓我們能夠看見

  • And the fact that our eyes are deep-set

    自己正在做的表情

  • allows us to see our own facial expressions

    當你微笑的時候

  • as we're making them.

    你能看見兩頰微微隆起

  • If you smile, you can see

    當你皺眉時

  • your own cheeks rise slightly.

    它們會遮蔽你上方的視線

  • And if you furrow your brow,

    這些現象能及時回饋

  • it encroaches on the top of your vision.

    你臉部變化的程度

  • These things give you instant feedback

    並且馬上告訴你 你正在用怎樣的表情

  • on the degree to which you are altering your face

    面對周遭的事物

  • and tell you instantly what sort of expression

    不需要鏡子

  • you are putting out into the world.

    關於臉部表情 最常被問到的問題是

  • No mirror required.

    「哪一個先?」

  • ♪ ♪

    「是情緒還是臉部表情?」

  • Some of the most interesting experiments

    研究指出 如果你咬著鉛筆一整天

  • on facial expressions have asked, "What comes first?

    你那天會過得比較開心

  • The emotion or the facial expression?"

    為什麼?

  • Studies have found that if you hold a pencil

    因為兩唇微開 咬著鉛筆

  • between your teeth all day, you will have a better day.

    就好比在微笑

  • Why? Well, because holding a pencil

    他們用的肌肉群差不多

  • between your teeth without your lips touching

    看著

  • is like smiling.

    我不知道...

  • It uses pretty much the same muscles.

    我不知道自己在笑 但我有

  • Watch.

    相反的 噘嘴含著鉛筆

  • [muffled] I don't know--

    就像皺眉頭

  • I don't know I'm smiling, but I am.

    而研究指出 如果人這麼做

  • Conversely, pursing your lips around the pencil

    當天會過得比較糟

  • is like frowning.

    那麼 我們要來付諸實驗

  • And studies have found that if someone does that,

    證明臉部肌肉的改變

  • they will actually report having a less good day.

    是否能影響你的感受

  • Well, we're gonna put that to the test

    有關生理影響心情的研究

  • and find out if the facial contortions you make

    可追溯到 1800 年代

  • can subconsciously affect how you feel.

    最早的研究是由 達爾文

  • Studies on how physiology affects mood

    和法國神經學家杜鄉 開始的

  • go as far back as the 1800s,

    這個實驗一直到現在都還在進行

  • with early research carried out by Charles Darwin

    用不同的方式來製造微笑和皺眉

  • and French neurologist Duchenne de Boulogne.

    但有關臉部表情是否會影響心情

  • This work has continued into present day

    常會出現不一致的研究結果

  • using various techniques to create smiles and frowns.

    因此我們想要試試看

  • But studies have been inconsistent

    能不能找出兩者之間的關聯性

  • as to whether facial expressions

    實驗一:微笑與皺眉

  • can influence emotions, so we wanted to see

  • if we could demonstrate a correlation between the two.

    請進 克里斯,我是麥克

  • ♪ ♪

    你好 我是麥克

  • Hi. - Hi.

    我們招募了 20 個自願者

  • - Come on in, guys. Chris, my name is Michael.

    他們以為他們參加的是關於過敏的研究

  • Nice to meet you. My name is Michael.

    今天我們要測試一種新的狗飼料

  • We've recruited 20 volunteers

    這種飼料似乎能減少狗兒 所製造的過敏原數量

  • who think they're taking part in an allergy study.

    因此對狗有過敏的人

  • Today we are testing a new kind of dog food,

    或許在狗狗旁邊能自在一點

  • and it actually seems to help dogs produce fewer allergens,

    我們要用這些過敏原竹棒

  • so people who are allergic to dogs

    這些竹棒的用途 是要收集唾液

  • might be more comfortable around them.

    以便觀測你們身體

  • And we're going to be using these allergen sticks.

    對空氣中可能存在的過敏原有何反應

  • Now, the purpose of this stick is to collect saliva

    將它放在牙齒之間 像這樣,可以嗎?

  • to check the way your body reacts

    半數的受測者 會不自覺的

  • to possible allergens in the air.

    被我引導出微笑

  • Put it between your teeth like that, okay?

    相當簡單

  • - Mm-hmm. - Okay.

    另外一半 會不知情的被引導

  • - Half of our participants will be unknowingly forced

    要用他們皺眉的肌肉

  • into a smile.

    看喔 我牙齒閉著

  • Yeah, very simple. - Uh-huh.

    然後

  • - The other half will unwittingly be forced

    可以嗎?

  • to use their frown muscles.

    我們將會給皺眉組

  • Watch. My teeth are together,

    和微笑組 兩個一樣的工作

  • and then--hmm.

    去吧 待會見

  • Got it? both: Mm-hmm.

    被迫皺眉的人

  • - We're gonna give the frowners

    對工作滿意度的評分 是否會比被迫微笑的人低

  • and the smilers the same two tasks.

    請進

  • Go ahead, and I'll see you guys soon.

    為了測試他們的快樂程度

  • Will the people who were forced to frown

    我們的演員,特蘭 給了受測者一個大家都喜愛的任務

  • rank each task lower than those made to smile?

    趕小狗

  • - Come on in.

    一大堆的小狗

  • - To test their levels of happiness,

    由微笑組開始

  • our actor, Trin, gave our subjects a task

    牠們全都掛著名牌

  • everybody loves: puppy herding

    你的工作是要將牠們

  • with lots and lots of puppies.

    依照字母順序排成一列 等你將牠們排好之後

  • First up are our smilers.

    我會幫你照一張相

  • - They're all wearing little tags.

    你有三分鐘的時間完成任務

  • - Mm-hmm. - So your job is to line them up

    現在開始計時

  • in alphabetical order. Once you got 'em all lined up,

    確認牠們都依照字母排好順序

  • I'll snap a photo of you. - Okay.

    我找到 "F" 了

  • - And you got three minutes to do it.

    法蘭克,待在那邊

  • Starting now. - Hello. I know.

    他們在幫狗取名

  • - Make sure they're in alphabetical order.

    你是什麼字母?原來是 "C"

  • - They're naming the dogs.

    嘿,小乖乖

  • - She's having fun.

    她樂在其中

  • - I just got the--oh! Don't go away.

    找到 C

  • - [laughs]

    這兩隻交換

  • - Swap those two.

    你這個搗蛋鬼

  • - You got one minute left.

    很好,非常好

  • - This looks like fun,

    剩下一分鐘

  • but are they having even more fun

    我應該成功了

  • because they're being forced to smile?

    這看起來很好玩

  • - All right, get ready for the photo.

    但他們會不會因為被迫微笑

  • [camera shutter clicks]

    而覺得更好玩呢?

  • - Our smilers are laughing

    好了 準備拍照

  • and goofing around. - Fantastic.

    - 我們的微笑組都是

  • - Now, let's see how our frowners react

    邊笑邊玩耍 - 很棒

  • to this fun task.

    現在來看看皺眉組

  • - Three minutes. - [humming]

    對這個好玩的工作有何反應

  • - He's running away from you. - [groans]

    三分鐘

  • - The question is, will frowning emphasize

    牠跑走了

  • the parts that aren't fun-- in your mind, at least.

    重點在 皺眉是否會放大

  • [dogs barking]

    工作中不好玩的部分 至少心理上會不會

  • - Oh, we lost F.

    這有一隻愛亂動的

  • Got one little strangler right over here.

    如果皺眉組

  • - Ugh! - If the frowners seem

    對於趕小狗感到困擾

  • a bit frustrated herding puppies...

    他們對下一個工作 會有什麼感覺

  • - [mutters angrily] - How will they like

    請你們各拿一雙手套

  • their next task?

    你有辦法處理狗的糞便嗎?

  • - If you would each grab a pair of gloves.

    好的 我們還要檢查

  • Are you comfortable handling dog feces?

    有沒有蛋白質殘留

  • Okay. And we're also going to be

    在糞便當中

  • looking at whether there are any protein deposits

    她臉上寫著「你在開玩笑嗎?」

  • that have collected, um, in the fecal matter.

    那就開始將它散開在桌面上

  • - She's like, "Are you serious?"

    不開心

  • - So go ahead and spread it out on the table.

    你們要找的是 小又硬的排泄物

  • - [stifled retching] - Ooh.

    看不出來他們臉上

  • Not happy.

    能擠出任何笑容

  • - And what you're looking for are small, hard deposits.

    很好

  • - Not much indication that there's a smile

    謝謝,這樣就可以了

  • trying to come through.

    我們的皺眉組

  • - Hmm. - Okay, great.

    似乎不太喜歡這項任務

  • - [exhales] - Thank you, that'll do it.

    微笑組會有不一樣的反應嗎?

  • - Our frowners don't seem

    拿一雙手套

  • to be enjoying this assignment.

    將它抹開散開 可能會比較容易

  • Will the smilers have a different reaction?

    這個假設是 由於微笑的關係

  • - Grab a pair of gloves.

    他們會著重於

  • It may be easier to kind of smear it and spread it out.

    這個工作中好玩的部分

  • - The hypothesis is, that by smiling,

    有點像是肉丸子

  • they'll focus more on the funny aspects

    從他眼睛和眉毛 可以看得出他感到噁心

  • of what they're about to do.

    但是他的嘴巴沒辦法不微笑

  • - [laughs] Yeah. - Oh, my God.

    很好各位

  • - [laughs]

    非常謝謝 你們好了之後就跟我走

  • [groans] Oh.

    我帶你們去見 史蒂芬先生聽取報告

  • - There's disgust in his eyes and his brow,

    歡迎回來

  • but his mouth can't help but smile.

    現在稍微回想

  • - [chuckles] - Okay, great, guys.

    排列小狗還有幫牠們照相

  • Thank you so much. Then, when you're ready,

    你們的感受

  • just follow me and we'll do a debrief with Mr. Stevens.

    跟我說你們當時工作的時候

  • - Okay. - Sure.

    在想什麼還有感受如何

  • - Hey, welcome back.

    我覺得小狗相當可愛

  • Now, think about, um,

    我可以要一隻嗎?

  • organizing the puppies and taking a photo of them.

    你們允許嗎?

  • - Mmm. - And how you felt.

    小狗們其實很配合

  • Tell me what you were thinking

    我很容易就將牠們排好了

  • and feeling while you were doing that task.

    牠們超棒的

  • - I mean, the puppies are extremely cute.

    沒什麼壓力

  • - Mm-hmm. - Can I keep one?

    如果滿分是 10 分

  • Is it cool with you guys?

    1 分是完全糟透了

  • - The dogs actually cooperated pretty well.

    10 分是這輩子最棒的一天

  • - Mm-hmm? - I was able

    你會給小狗團體照任務幾分?

  • to put them in order.

    我會給9分

  • - They're amazing.

    - 10 分 - 8 分

  • - It wasn't stressful.

    - 8 分 - 我會給 8 分

  • - So on a scale of 1 to 10--

    - 給 9 分

  • where 1 is you cannot tolerate it

    平均是 8.5 分

  • and 10, best day of your life--

    這是從拍照任務中

  • how would you rank the puppy photo task?

    被迫微笑的 10 人小樣本中取得的結果

  • - I'm gonna say like a 9.

    現在來看看皺眉組 對同樣的工作給幾分

  • - 10. - 8.

    你當時在忙的時候 有什麼感受?

  • - 8. - I'm gonna go with an 8.

    老實說 有點挫折

  • - A 9.

    因為牠們一直到處亂跑

  • - That's an average of 8.5

    要同時排列和固定牠們

  • from our small sample of ten subjects

    讓他們在同一處不動還挺難的

  • who were forced to smile during the photo assignment.

    你會給拍團照任務打幾分?

  • Now let's see how the frowners rated the same task.

    4 分吧 大概 4 分

  • How did you feel while you were doing that?

    10 分啊 我超愛小狗的

  • - Um, a little frustrated, to be honest with you,

    我比較中立一點

  • 'cause they kept moving around.

    大約 5 分吧

  • - Well, it was difficult getting them to stay in place

    很多皺眉者回報說

  • and put them in order.

    對於這次經驗感到挫折

  • - How would you rank the photo taking task?

    相對得到平均 7.4 分

  • - Mmm, 4. - About 4.

    比微笑組少了 1 分多

  • - A 10. I love puppies.

    現在我們來談談 糞便檢查工作

  • - Still a 10? - Yeah, me too.

    - 很不愉快 - 超噁的

  • - I would go more on the middle ground,

    你會給便便任務打幾分

  • maybe like 5.

    1 分

  • - Many of the frowners reported

    - 絕對是 1 分 - 1 分

  • feeling frustrated with this experience,

    - 4 分 - 可以給 0 分嗎?

  • tallying an average score of 7.4,

    我們的皺眉組

  • more than a point lower than the smilers.

    得到超低平均分 1.9 分

  • Now let's talk about the poop checking job.

    問題是

  • - Very unpleasant. - It was disgusting.

    我們的微笑組

  • - How would you rank the poop checking task?

    會對扒糞

  • - 1--it was a 1. - A 1?

    感受較好嗎?

  • - It was for sure a 1. - 1.

    是不會太難受啦

  • - A 4. - Is a zero possible?

    是有點意料之外 但並沒有讓我感到太困擾

  • - Our frowning subjects

    我是沒有感到太噁心

  • averaged a low score of 1.9.

    反正就閉氣

  • The question is,

    很多微笑者 對這個不討喜的任務回報是

  • did our smiling group feel

    沒什麼大不了 或是很好笑

  • any better about digging

    我會給 5 分

  • through poo?

    因為這並不開心也不討厭

  • - It wasn't too uncomfortable.

    - 5 分囉 - 4 分接近 5 分

  • - It was sort of unexpected, but it wasn't like it bothered me.

    5 分吧

  • - I wasn't, like, disgusted like, "Ew! This is disgusting!"

    - 5 分,中間值

  • I just kind of held my breath.

    微笑組的平均分數

  • - Many of our smilers reported this unpleasant task

    是 4.3 分

  • as being no big deal or actually funny.

    微笑組給過濾便便的分數

  • - I'd say a 5 because it wasn't--

    比皺眉組多了 2.5 分

  • neither here nor there for me.

    祝你順心愉快 - 祝你玩便便愉快

  • - It was a 5. - A high 4.

    我會的

  • - 5, I guess. - A 5? Okay.

    我一向都是

  • - 5, right in the middle.

    我們的實驗發現 那些微笑的人

  • - The average score

    工作比較愉快 而那些皺眉的人

  • for the smiling group

    就比較不愉快

  • was 4.3 out of 10.

    這個臉部回饋概念

  • Smilers enjoyed sifting through poop

    還正在被辯論中

  • an average of 2 1/2 points more than our frowners.

    而其他研究最近

  • And have a great day. - Have fun with your poop.

    也無法成功複製這個結果

  • - [laughs] I will.

    但是正常來說 我們不會因為一個實驗結果

  • I always do.

    就說「就是這樣了」

  • ♪ ♪

    「事實一定就是如此,結束」

  • Our test found that people who made smile faces

    引述重複性計畫

  • enjoyed tasks more, and those who frowned

    首席研究員布萊恩的一句話

  • enjoyed them less.

    「科學不是在追求對或錯」

  • This facial feedback concept

    「而是在減少不確定性」

  • is still being debated though.

    臉部表情對人類的互動

  • And other studies have recently failed

    是如此的重要 我們因而發展出不必看見臉

  • to reproduce these findings.

    也能解讀表情的方法

  • But it's a very healthy thing that we don't just look

    湯米,謝謝你來拜訪

  • at one test and say, "Well, that's it.

    謝謝你邀請

  • That must be the truth. We're done."

    我很喜歡你們的布置

  • In the words of Brian Nosek, lead researcher

    嘿,相當感謝你

  • of the Reproducibility Project,

    我今天想談論的

  • science isn't about truth and falsity.

    是臉部表情

  • It's about reducing uncertainty.

    - 好的,先生 - 因為湯米

  • Facial expressions are so important

    你從出生就是眼盲

  • to human communication that people develop ways

    沒錯

  • to read your face even if they can't see it.

    你是如何學習臉部表情的?

  • Tommy, thanks for coming to visit.

    因為你會做表情 你會笑

  • - Thanks for having me.

    我是沒看過你生氣 不過我打賭你如果生氣...

  • I love what you've done with the place.

    我還是能看的出來

  • - Hey, thank you so much. - [laughs]

    是的 當我開心的時候我是在笑,對吧?

  • - What I would like to talk about

    那是很自然的 - 所以這部分是天生的

  • is facial expressions.

    那部分是天生的 絕對是這樣,毫無疑問

  • - All right, sir. - 'Cause, Tommy,

    但是要我模仿 這就會有難度

  • you have been blind since you were born.

    對吧? 因為有時候 我會笑得太多

  • - That's right.

    就像這樣 我也不確定

  • - How did you learn about facial expressions?

    我覺得好像太用力了

  • 'Cause you make them. You smile.

    而不太自然 所以

  • You--I've never seen you mad, but I bet if you get mad...

    大概是這樣吧 我猜

  • - Yeah. - You--I can tell.

    那你能不能做個 生氣的表情給我看?

  • - Yeah. When I'm laughing, I smile, right?

    很像 但你認為

  • It just comes naturally. - So that part's innate.

    如果能看見一個生氣的表情 會更有助於你模仿嗎?

  • - That part is innate. Absolutely it is, no question.

    - 會,我認為會 - 那我再問你

  • But in order to imitate it, that was the tricky part for me.

    你能判斷我的臉部表情嗎?

  • Right? 'Cause sometimes I'd smile, like, too much.

    其實,你如果是在微笑 我可以從你的語氣中判斷出來

  • You know, like that. I don't know.

    是的,很顯然

  • Like, I feel like that's pushing it too hard.

    因為你在笑的時候 嘴唇的開闔會不太一樣

  • That's not really natural. But, you know, so it's probably

    所以舉例像是 M 和 B 和 P 這些字母

  • somewhere around here, I guess.

    它們聽起來都稍微不一樣

  • - So could you make an angry face for me right now?

    所以這樣聽起來

  • That's close, but do you think

    你比一般人還了解 微笑對於說話有什麼影響

  • if you'd seen an angry face it would be easier to fake one?

    謝謝 有很多音調提示

  • - Yes, I think so. - Let me ask you this.

    可以幫助我了解臉部表情

  • Can you tell what facial expression I'm making?

    湯米,非常感謝你過來

  • - Well, when you're smiling, I can hear it in your voice.

    我很好客

  • - Right. - Right? It's very obvious.

    - 謝謝你 - 謝謝

  • 'Cause when you smile, your lips don't really touch

    當我們看著別人的臉時

  • the right way, so letters like M and B and P, for example,

    我們經常下意識的 模仿他們的臉部表情

  • you know, they sound just a little bit different.

    這就是所謂的「臉部鏡射」

  • - Right. So it sounds like you know more

    這是為了讓他人知道

  • about how a smile affects speech than most sighted people would.

    我們了解他們 我們知道他們的感覺

  • - Thank you. There's a lot of audible clues

    臉部鏡射從嬰兒時期就開始了

  • that help me to get the facial expression.

    並且持續存在生活當中

  • - Well, Tommy, thank you so much for coming in.

    研究表示你如果無法臉部鏡射

  • I love having guests in my home.

    你如果無法用臉部表達事情

  • - Thank you, sir. - Thank you.

    其實是你對於別人的臉部表情

  • [soft dramatic music]

    有識別障礙

  • ♪ ♪

    為了驗證這個說法

  • When we look at other people's faces,

    我們來阻礙一些人的臉部肌肉

  • we often subconsciously imitate their facial expressions.

    有什麼好辦法能做到呢?

  • It's called facial mirroring.

    來一點肉毒桿菌如何?

  • And it's a way for us to let other people know

    實驗二:僵住的臉

  • we understand them, that we feel the same things that they feel.

    我們找來一群自願者

  • Facial mirroring begins in infancy

    來做臉部辨識的實驗

  • and continuous throughout our lives.

    謝謝你們來參加

  • Studies have shown that if you can't facially mirror,

    我們先從一個測驗開始

  • if you can't express things with your own face,

    一個測試你們辨認

  • you actually have trouble understanding

    臉部表情能力的實驗

  • what other people's faces are expressing.

    我們會給受測者看

  • So to try that out,

    由眼部所表現出來的 正面或負面情緒的圖片

  • let's hinder some people's facial muscles.

    你們的工作是看每一張臉

  • What's a good way to do that?

    然後判斷它是屬於上面哪四種情緒

  • Well, how about a dose of botulinum toxin?

    了解嗎?

  • ♪ ♪

    每一張圖片已經被設計成

  • We have gathered a group of volunteers

    一種社會上大家都存在 共識的標準情緒

  • for a facial expression recognition experiment.

    以這張圖片來說

  • Thank you all for coming in today.

    你覺得是哪種情緒?

  • We're going to begin with a test.

    你如果回答「恐懼」

  • A test of your ability to recognize

    你就跟一般大眾一樣

  • facial expressions.

    現在來換我們受測者

  • Our participants will be shown pictures of eyes

    大家都準備好了嗎?

  • expressing either positive or negative emotions.

    開始

  • Your task is to look at each face and to decide

    好的 繼續下一張2號

  • which of those four emotions the face is expressing.

    對大部分人來說 這是一個簡單的測驗

  • Makes sense?

    答對率相對來說應該很高

  • Each photo is designed to display

    好了,換 6 號圖片 9 號

  • one standard emotion that is known to elicit

    13 號 19 號

  • an established consensus.

    我們的 12 位受測者 能給我們一個概念

  • For example, in this photo,

    普通人對情緒的判斷力有多好

  • what emotion would you identify?

    最後是 25 號

  • If you said, "terrified,"

    好了各位 辛苦了

  • you'd be in the majority.

    希望你們覺得有趣 謝謝你們抽空前來

  • Now it's our participant's turn.

    看完 25 張圖片後 我們的受測者

  • Okay, everyone ready? - Mm-hmm.

    判斷正面情緒的成功率是 77%

  • - Go.

    而判斷負面情緒的成功率是 78.8%

  • [device beeping]

    但是如果我們用肉毒桿菌

  • All right, moving on to number 2.

    來阻止他們模仿表情

  • For most people, this is a simple task

    他們表現又會怎麼樣呢?

  • that should come with a relatively high success rate.

    我們強迫所有受測者

  • All right, card number 6... Number 9...

    打肉毒桿菌

  • Number 13... 19...

    - 你好嗎? - 我很好

  • Our 12 volunteers will give us an idea

    我是阿里醫師 很高興認識你

  • of how well the average person identifies emotions.

    開玩笑的 他們本來就打算要打

  • And 25.

    而他們同意我們以科學之名 來搭這班順風車

  • All right, everyone. Great work.

    你想打哪一部分?

  • I hope you had fun. Thank you for your time.

    我想打這邊

  • After 25 cards, our participants were able

    我想修復雙眉之間的部分

  • to identify the correct positive emotion

    因為我覺得... 我也不知道

  • 77% of the time, and the correct negative emotion

    我看起來有點老有點兇

  • 78.8% of the time.

    雖然我們靠臉部來交換各種訊息

  • But how well will they do if we stop them

    但為了讓自己看起來更年輕

  • from mirroring the expressions they see...

    許多人願意付錢打一種

  • [cap pops]

    會讓臉部麻痺的化學物質

  • By freezing their faces with botox?

    換句話說 讓我們臉部表情出現障礙

  • We forced all of these participants

    肉毒桿菌一開始是在 1970 年代

  • to receive Botox injections.

    被用作治療眼部肌肉障礙 像是鬥雞眼

  • - How are you? - I'm good.

    和不自主眨眼

  • I'm Dr. Ali. Nice to meet you.

    衛生福利部直到 2002 年

  • - Just kidding. They were gonna do it anyway,

    才核准肉毒桿菌 被醫學美容使用

  • and they let us tag along in the name of science.

    肉毒桿菌的成分是由

  • - What areas were you looking to get done?

    肉毒桿菌細菌所製造出的一種毒素

  • - Um, I'd like to do this area. - Okay, okay.

    過量的毒素會造成肉毒桿菌中毒

  • - I would like to fix this part between my two eyebrows,

    但少量使用在像是

  • because I feel like-- I don't know.

    雙眉之間的皺紋上 或是嘴巴周圍

  • I just look older and grumpy.

    毒素會阻絕神經傳導

  • - Although we communicate a ton of information

    叫臉部肌肉收縮的訊號

  • with our faces, in the interest of looking younger,

    頭髮向後拉一點

  • many people pay to be injected with a chemical

    然後跟我說你想打哪些區域

  • that essentially renders our faces mute,

    我想打這邊

  • or rather, gives us a sort of facial speech impediment.

    因為開始有皺紋出現

  • Botox was first used in the 1970s

    我 31 歲

  • to treat muscular eye disorders like crossed eyes

    我打肉毒桿菌是因為 我想永遠看起來一樣年輕

  • and uncontrollable blinking.

    最多人表示想除掉的部分是

  • The FDA didn't approve the use of Botox

    怒氣紋 兩眼之間的皺紋

  • for cosmetic procedures until 2002.

    還有額頭上的橫紋

  • The active ingredient in Botox is a toxin

    都能除掉 - 如果打肉毒桿菌

  • produced by the bacterium Clostridium botulinum.

    可以阻止這些病患

  • This toxin can cause botulism in larger amounts,

    模仿他人的臉部表情

  • but in smaller amounts when injected into, say,

    這樣是否也能阻礙他們辨別

  • the wrinkles between your eyebrows or around your mouth,

    那些相關表情的能力?

  • the toxin blocks the nerves from delivering signals

    - 你有打過肉毒嗎? - 我從來沒有

  • to the facial muscles, telling them to contract.

    - 你想全打嗎? - 如果可以的話

  • [bell tings]

    當然可以

  • - Pull your hair back a little bit...

    我覺得肉毒大概會改變我的表情

  • - Yes. - And then tell me what areas

    而我必須打得比較多一點

  • you were thinking of getting it done.

    不過我經常這樣

  • - So I was thinking here,

    所以我覺得不會差太多

  • 'cause I have a couple wrinkles

    還好嗎?

  • that are starting to show. - Okay.

    我們接下來就能探討

  • - I'm 31 years old,

    麻醉臉部肌肉是否會影響

  • and I want to get Botox because I want to look young forever.

    到他們臉部辨識的測驗

  • - Common expressions that people want to get rid of

    你可能要過 3 到 7 天

  • is the angry lines, the furrows we get in between the eyes.

    才會看見效果

  • And the horizontal wrinkles we get in our forehead,

    我們等受測者兩週之後 習慣了她們

  • that will go away. - If the Botox procedure

    面無表情的新臉

  • prevents these patients from being able to mirror

    再回來看看

  • the facial expressions of others,

    在此期間 先來見兩位

  • will it also impede their ability to recognize

    已經改過臉型一段時間的人

  • the emotions associated with those expressions?

    雷西,賈斯汀,歡迎你們 - 嗨

  • - Have you had Botox before? - I never have.

    嗨,你好

  • - Do you wanna touch everything? - If we can, yeah.

    很高興見到你們

  • - Yeah, definitely. - Awesome.

    謝謝你們抽空來

  • I think Botox is probably going to change my expressions

    我很開心你們同時都能來

  • and I might have to overdo them a little bit,

    被公認為真人版的肯和芭比

  • but I already do that anyway,

    是怎樣的感覺?

  • so I think that it won't matter so much.

    我也不曉得 全世界就直接認定我是了

  • - You doing okay? - Mm-hmm.

    然後我也剛好就認識 我最好的伴

  • - We'll soon explore whether paralyzing

    也就是肯 - 那你呢?

  • their facial muscles affects how these patients score

    你有刻意想當肯娃娃嗎還是...?

  • on the facial recognition test.

    不是,當初 這都跟我對健身

  • - You may not see the results for at least

    所抱持的熱情相關

  • three to seven days. - Oh, yeah. Okay.

    我只是做我愛做的 而我將這個視作一個平台

  • - We'll check back in with our subjects in two weeks

    可以發揮更多創意 更開放

  • after they've settled into their new,

    更能表現 和更不一樣

  • expression-free faces.

    讓自己與眾不同

  • In the meantime, let's meet two people

    我是全世界第一個植入

  • who've had modified faces for quite a while.

    三片式肩膀的人

  • Lacy, Justin, welcome. - Hi.

    我們是第一個嘗試的人 對吧?

  • - Hi. How are you? - Hi.

    我們把自己當白老鼠

  • - Great to see you guys. - Hi.

    我們創造這些

  • It's nice to meet you. - Thanks for coming over.

    我們把自己變成科學怪人

  • - How are you? - Good to see you.

    好的,那你們用過肉毒桿菌嗎?

  • So, I'm so thrilled to have both of you here.

    當然 每三個月

  • How does it feel to be known

    從 25 歲一直到現在

  • as the Ken and Barbie of real life?

    肉毒或其他臉部手術是否

  • - I don't know--the world just pinned me as that,

    有影響到你們做臉部表情的能力

  • and then I happened to meet my best bestie

    我為讓自己有一些面部表情 等了一年沒有做

  • that is Ken. - And what about you?

    因為我小孩一直說

  • Did you intend to be like a Ken doll or...?

    「媽,你知道嗎 我們根本無法知道你是不是在生氣」

  • - No. I mean, initially-- initially this all had to do

    「你總是看起很驚訝」

  • with the passion that I had for, like, body sculpture, right?

    我就這張臉在家走來走去

  • I just did what I loved, and I saw this as a medium

    所以我已經一年沒打肉毒了

  • to be--to be creative, to be open,

    因為我只是想要能夠這樣

  • to be expressive, and to be different,

    回你房間!

  • right, to set myself apart.

    你會覺得無法表達你生氣的樣子 像是失去了什麼嗎?

  • So I'm the first person in the world to have

    我不懂你在說什麼

  • three-piece shoulder implants.

    當你看我的時候 你可以知道我是在微笑

  • We are the first people to try that, right?

    我只是沒有這些線條

  • We're own guinea pigs. We're our own--

    變化非常細微

  • - We create them. - We're our own

    你有查覺到肉毒會影響

  • Dr. Frankenstein and Frankenstein, right?

    你解讀他人的臉部表情的能力嗎?

  • - Okay, so have both of you had Botox done?

    不會吧

  • - Absolutely. - Every--every three months

    怎麼可能

  • since I've been 25 years old.

    我的答案是沒有

  • - How has Botox or other procedures on your face

    - 你沒有這樣的感覺? - 完全沒有

  • affected your ability to make facial expressions?

    芭比和肯可能不適用

  • - I waited a year to have it this year so I could actually

    臉部鏡射理論

  • see a little bit of my own face, because my kids are like,

    那回來看看我們的肉毒受測者吧

  • "Mom, you know, we can't really tell if you're mad at us.

    已經兩個禮拜了 而他們也將

  • You always look like you're surprised."

    完成除皺的臉帶回來

  • I'm, like, walking around the house like this.

    測試他們受限制的表情

  • I'm like, "Ohh!"

    是否會影響對情緒的判讀能力

  • So I haven't had Botox in a year

    重溫一下規則 看眼部

  • just because I wanted to be able to do this.

    判斷他們在表達何種情緒

  • "Go to your room!" No. - Interesting.

    寫下你的答案

  • Do you feel like you've lost something

    然後我們再換下一張

  • by not being able to show when you're mad?

    開始

  • - I don't know what you're talking about.

    我的臉感覺放鬆多了

  • - Well, when you look at me now, you can tell I'm smiling.

    這樣很不錯

  • I just don't have the lines here.

    好的,第 9 張

  • It's a bit of a subtle change.

    當我看著別人時

  • - Have you noticed Botox affecting your ability

    他們無法知道我是不是在生氣

  • to read other people's facial expressions?

    請做一個有點沮喪的表情

  • - What? - No.

    我其實做不到

  • - How could that--that--no.

    我是有一位朋友 她有發現

  • - My answer would be no. - No. It's actually--

    她也打肉毒 她就說

  • - You haven't noticed that? - Not at all.

    「你的肉毒真厲害」

  • [laughter]

    如果我在生氣 你大概只能從眼神

  • - Barbie and Ken may not ascribe

    判斷的出來

  • to the facial mirroring theory,

    為什麼呢?

  • but let's check back with our Botox recipients.

    因為我無法動額頭

  • It's been two weeks, and now they've brought

    這位受測者絕對限制了

  • their wrinkle-free faces back

    她臉部表情的表達能力

  • to see if their limited expressions

    而其他受測者也一樣

  • will affect their ability to read emotions.

    但這會影響她們判讀 別人情緒的能力嗎?

  • So, to refresh you on the rules: look at the eyes,

    剩下 75 張

  • determine what emotion is being conveyed,

    開玩笑的 測驗到此結束

  • write down your answer,

    在打肉毒以前 我們的受測者

  • and then we'll move on to the next one.

    正確判讀了 77% 的正面情緒

  • Go.

    和 78% 的負面情緒

  • [suspenseful music]

    但在打了肉毒之後 受測者

  • ♪ ♪

    只正確判讀了 73.8% 的 正面情緒

  • - My face feels a lot more relaxed.

    和 68.8% 的負面情緒

  • And it's--it's kind of nice.

    因此 在合理的樣本數量下

  • - Okay, slide number 9. [device beeps]

    一旦受測者失去了皺眉的能力

  • - When I look at people,

    他們發現要判讀別人的

  • they don't really know that I'm angry.

    負面情緒會特別困難

  • - I actually can't.

    但如果肉毒桿菌這種現代技術 可以阻礙我們

  • - I did have a friend-- um, she noticed.

    判斷他人表情的能力

  • She gets Botox too, and she was like,

    那有沒有什麼科技是可以增進

  • "Your Botox looks amazing."

    我們判斷情緒的能力?

  • - If I'm angry, probably how you would know

    作家和理論神經學家馬克尚依茲

  • is by my eye contact with you.

    研發了一種可以判讀 臉部表情的科學方法

  • - Because I can't move my forehead.

    馬克,我很高興你能來 因為你有很多關於

  • - This subject has definitely limited her ability

    臉部表情和表面情緒以外的知識

  • to make a facial expression,

    血流也是臉部表情的一部分嗎?

  • as have our other Botox recipients.

    是的 不過我們很少想到

  • But will that affect how they interpret emotions in others?

    然而無時無刻你都看的到

  • All right, just 75 more. [women scoff]

    這些細微的顏色變化

  • Kidding. That's the end of the exam.

    當你皮膚下的血流越多或越少 顏色就會越藍或是越黃

  • In our pre-Botox study, our participents identified

    而當含氧量越多或越少 它就會變得越紅或越綠

  • 77% of the positive emotions

    這準確的表現於

  • and 78.8% of the negative emotions correctly.

    任何國家的人 任何種族

  • But after Botox, our participents

    甚至任何靈長類都一樣

  • correctly identified only 73.8% of the positive emotions

    什麼情緒會和什麼顏色對應?

  • and 68.8% of the negative emotions.

    大致來說 你生氣時

  • So, at least in our modest sample,

    血液含氧量高

  • once our participents lost their ability to frown

    你悲傷時

  • they found it especially difficult

    就比較偏綠

  • to identify negative emotions in others.

    當你害怕時 四肢的血液會被抽走

  • But if modern advances like Botox can impede

    也就是說 看起來會偏黃

  • our capacity to read other's faces,

    馬克 你帶了一些工具過來

  • can other forms of technology enhance our ability

    其實是你發明的東西

  • to see emotions?

    能幫助我們察覺這些顏色變化

  • Author and theoretical neurobiologist Mark Changizi

    沒錯 這是給救護人員戴的

  • has developed a scientific way to read facial expressions.

    因為他們本來就應該使用 舒適又具有保護力的護目鏡

  • Mark, I'm glad you came over, because you have knowledge

    而當你穿戴它的時候

  • about facial expressions and what's going on

    你的血管會突然像是在發光

  • beyond just the more obvious external stuff.

    這個科技除了幫助救護人員 看清楚血管外

  • Is blood flow part of facial expressions?

    同樣也讓他們更容易看見情緒

  • - Yeah, so we don't usually think about it,

    因為它能強調和情緒一樣所依賴的 血中含氧訊號

  • but at all times you're seeing

    所以你能用眼鏡讓我們

  • these subtle modulations of color.

    更清楚看見和情緒相關的顏色

  • And as you get more blood or less blood under the skin,

    和血流對它的影響

  • it becomes bluer or yellower, and as it becomes more

    是的 但並不是那種...

  • or less oxygenated,

    它不會在鏡片

  • it becomes redder or greener.

    寫著「生氣」兩個字

  • And this is true independent

    你還是要憑著直覺

  • of what ethnicity you are, what race you are,

    它的用意是讓那些訊息更容易被辨別

  • or what kind of primate you are. It's the same.

    得以讓你對他們的情緒

  • - What emotions correlate to what colors?

    和意圖更具洞察力

  • - Well, there's a rough sense in which when you're angry,

    不管是經由科技或演化

  • you're showing oxygenated blood.

    人類一直都能找到方法

  • When you're sad, it's more likely

    判斷和使用臉部表情

  • to be showing greener.

    而這些表情

  • If you're fearful, your blood pumps away

    一直以來都很重要

  • from the periphery, which means

    除非我們有一天演化成沒有臉

  • that it gets yellower.

    所以,你覺得這個節目如何?

  • - So, Mark, you've brought some tools with you,

    你要是不喜歡

  • an invention of yours, actually, that helps us

    那請你咬著鉛筆再看一次

  • better perceive these color changes.

    不論重看後的感覺如何

  • - That's right, so these are what paramedics wear

    都請告訴我們

  • 'cause they're nice, protective eyewear

    科學會感激你

  • that they should be wearing anyway,

    最後 謝謝你的收看

  • and when you wear these, your veins,

  • suddenly they're glowing a little bit.

  • The same technology that helps paramedics see veins

  • also allows you to see emotions better

  • because it's enhancing that same oxygenation signal

  • that those emotions rely upon.

  • - So you've got glasses that allow us

  • to better see the colors that are related to emotion

  • and how it's affected by blood flow.

  • - That's right. This is not the kind of thing--

  • it's not like you look and it says, "angry,"

  • you know, written across the screen.

  • No, it works on your normal intuitions.

  • The idea is that it makes those signals easier to see,

  • so it should give you more insight

  • into what their mood, what their intent is.

  • - Whether through technology or evolution,

  • we humans have always found a way to read

  • and use facial expressions.

  • And those expressions show no sign

  • of becoming less important,

  • unless we evolve past having faces, of course.

  • So, did you like the show?

  • If you didn't, put a pencil in your mouth

  • and go watch it again.

  • If you enjoy it more or less or the same,

  • just let us know.

  • Science will thank you.

  • And as always, thanks for watching.

  • [electronic music]

  • ♪ ♪

- If I asked you to show me a picture of your mother,

我如果請你給我看一張你媽的照片

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