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  • Sheep... weren't always this fluffy.

    綿羊,不是向來都毛茸茸的。

  • We fluffy-fied them by breeding the fluffiest in each generation.

    我們讓每個世代最多毛的綿羊繁殖才讓牠們多毛。

  • This is domestication: sculpting wild animals for better human use.

    這是馴養:改造野生動物以便人類利用。

  • As we saw in Part 1, for early man, animals were powerful tools

    就如第一部所說,對早期人類,動物是強大的工具、

  • ...food, clothing, transportation, tractors.

    食物、衣物、交通工具、拖拉機。

  • Yet, though there were animals everywhere, only a handful were domesticated in the pre-modern world.

    雖然到處都有動物, 在現在以前只有屈指可數的動物被馴養。

  • What made these different?

    為何會有這些差別?

  • Let's make a domestication checklist, shall we?

    讓我們來做個馴養條件清單吧

  • First up: Feedable

    首先要:好養。

  • A cow is a machine that turns grass into steaks

    一隻牛是一部把青草變成牛肉的機器,

  • And a tiger a machine that turns steaks intotiger.

    而一隻老虎是一部把牛肉變成虎肉的機器。

  • Ten pounds of grass make a pound of steak. And ten pounds of steak make a pound of tiger.

    十磅的草變成一磅牛肉,十磅牛肉變成一磅虎肉。

  • ... but these have the same number of calories -- so you might as well just eat the cow and save yourself a lot of work.

    但兩者卡路里相同, 因此你大概只會吃牛肉並省下一堆麻煩。

  • So pure carnivores: you're not going to domesticate, just because of thermodynamics.

    你不會想去馴養純肉食動物,完全是因為熱力學定律。

  • You're looking for herbivores that aren't picky.

    你會去找不挑食的草食動物,

  • They should eat something that's everywhere that you can't eat.

    牠們會吃到處都有、你卻不吃的東西。

  • Any omnivores better be happy eating whatever and better be super worth it.

    雜食動物最好不要太挑而且夠有價值。

  • We are, however, putting the pig before the pen here because first we need to catch something that's…

    然而我們終究還是把豬關到豬圈裡了, 因為我們要抓到的動物必須......

  • Friendly

    友善

  • OK, obviously catching a carnivore is a bad idea anyway because their day job is murder.

    好,顯然抓肉食動物是餿主意, 畢竟牠們白天的工作便是殺戮,

  • But plenty of omnivores like grizzleys moonlight in murder.

    但很多雜食動物如灰熊,也會在夜晚獵食。

  • No safety in vegetarians either: buffalo are terrifying tanks for all the reasons mentioned before...

    素食者也不保證安全: 野牛在先前提過的各種方面都算是狂暴的戰車,

  • ...hippos hold the murder high-score in Africa,

    河馬在非洲的攻擊力惡名昭彰,

  • ...giraffes look real dorky until you consider their striking range -- lions mostly leave them alone.

    長頸鹿看起來傻傻的,直到你想到牠們的攻擊距離─ 連獅子通常都敬而遠之。

  • Animals it would be awesome to domesticate are, not coincidentally, super dangerous.

    理想的馴養動物,想當然不能太危險。

  • War bears would be a hell of an advantage for your tribe, but it's not going to happen.

    戰熊也許會讓你的部落席捲八荒,但這絕對不可能。

  • And if it's big and not dangerous, it's a nervous wreck.

    就算動物體型大又不危險,也可能神經兮兮。

  • Try sneaking up on a gazelle? Rhymes with "LOL".

    你想偷偷接近一隻羚羊?牠笑你只有嘴砲很強。

  • Sure, you and a team of buddies could spend the whole day marathon jogging it down to exhaustion...

    當然你可以和你的小夥伴們跑一整天馬拉松 直到牠筋疲力盡,

  • ...but if it doesn't break it's own neck as you try to drag it back home,

    但牠如果不會在你拖牠回家時折斷脖子,

  • ...then it's going to casually leap out of whatever pen you built for it.

    也會輕易跳出任何你建造的圍欄。

  • Ok, next up: some animals have reproductive -ah- preferences...

    接下來,有些動物會有交配上的,呃,偏好

  • ...that make them incompatible with captivity. Looking at you, Pandas.

    讓牠們難以被束縛。說你呢,貓熊。

  • The time and energy humans have spent to get pandas to get on with it is comical.

    人類光要讓貓熊好好活下去,花費的時間和精力就不可思議。

  • Hunter-Gatherers need an animal so eager to breed, it gets it wrong sometimes.

    獵人隊伍需要渴望交配,偶爾搞得亂七八糟的動物,

  • ... not an animal whose mating seasons they have to keep careful track of.

    而非在繁殖季還得仔細記錄的那種動物。

  • So: Friendly, Feedable and -- Fecund.

    因此:友善、好養和多產。

  • It also needs to grow up fast.

    動物也需要成長快速。

  • This gets us to the heart of domestication versus taming.

    這讓我們進入馴養v.s.飼養的關鍵。

  • Again: to domesticate a species is to change it to make it better for us.

    重複一次,馴養一個物種是使其更易利用。

  • And side note here: we domesticate plants as well.

    順道一提:我們也會馴養植物。

  • We've bred them to be monstrous versions of their wild selves.

    我們把它們培育成野生種類的怪物版。

  • So when hippies talk about going back to nature, they forget that these plants are just as man made as this pop-tart.

    當嬉皮說要回歸自然,他們忘了連這些植物也是人為的,就如這些餡餅。

  • Anyway, back to the animals...

    總之回到動物。

  • The pig porkification project succeeded because pig generations are shorter than human generations.

    豬肉養成計畫之所以會成功, 是因為豬的世代短於人類世代。

  • A single, clever human can make porky progress in their lifetime.

    一個聰明人類可在一生中以育種讓豬變肥。

  • Compare and contrast: Elephants.

    反觀大象。

  • Two years to make a calf, five years in between calves, nine years until female maturity, fifteen years for males?

    懷胎兩年,再次懷胎間隔五年, 雌性九年成熟,雄性十五年成熟?!

  • You've got to be kidding, Elephants. There's no time for this.

    你在莊孝維喔,大象。歹勢我沒閒。

  • But humans can still tame elephants. You can catch an elephant, and train it not to freak out around humans. Then, put it to work.

    但人類還是可以「飼養」大象,你可以抓一隻, 訓練牠不會被人嚇瘋,然後叫牠工作。

  • But elephant domestication would require accurate records over several human lives...

    但大象的馴養需要數個人類世代的精確記錄,

  • ...never mind that keeping one or two tamed elephants around is incredibly costly

    更別說養一兩隻大象付出的成本已經超高

  • ...which is why war elephants only happened on occasion in already complex societies.

    因此戰象只可能出現在已經高度發展的社會。

  • Tame elephants are a luxury, hence this rule of thumb: if it's on farm, it's domesticated, if it's in a circus, it's tame.

    飼養的大象是奢侈品,因此大致可以定義: 如果動物用在農場上,是「馴養」; 用在馬戲團,是「飼養」。

  • Finally: families.

    最後:家族。

  • OK: zebra vs horses.

    來,斑馬v.s.馬。

  • Horses are civilization game-changers -- it's remarkable to think that from thousands BC until the telegraph...

    馬是改變文明規則的動物─ 很顯然從幾千年前到電報發明之間

  • ...a dude on a horse was the best internet available.

    馬背上的傢伙是已知最好的聯繫管道。

  • Horses were domesticated in Eurasia, but humans started in Africa which has Zebra ...

    馬在歐亞大陸上被馴養, 但人類發源於非洲,而那裡有斑馬

  • ...why didn't the first humans ride out of Africa on the backs of zebra to conquer the world?

    為什麼第一個出非洲的人類沒有在斑馬背上打天下?

  • Because zebra are bastards. They live to kick and bite: dangerous in a pre-penicillin world.

    因為斑馬就是些混蛋,生來就愛踢和咬, 在還沒有抗生素的時代十分危險。

  • ...and zebra also have a ducking reflex making them very frustrating to lasso.

    斑馬還有一種躲避的本能讓牠們非常難以捕捉。

  • In addition to being a real pain in the ass animal, Zebra lack a family structure.

    作為令人蛋疼的動物,斑馬也沒有家族結構。

  • Horse herds hierarchy -- you can see it when they travel in a line: the male, top female, her foals, second female, her foals, and so on.

    馬群有階級─你可以看牠們呈一條線移動: 雄性、第一母馬、牠的子女、第二母馬、牠的子女等等

  • Humans, by capturing and taming the lead male, become head horse.

    人類捕捉並飼養領導公馬,就變成馬群的首領。

  • Lots of barnyard animals are barnyard animals because they have family values humans exploit --

    很多農場動物之所以成為農場動物 是因為牠們的家族習性可供利用。

  • ...they just grow up with the idea that this human is a funny sort of take-charge cow or whatever. No big deal.

    他們從小就被灌輸這人類是某種搞怪的牛老大之類。 這倒沒什麼大不了。

  • Chickens will peck, peck, peck until they've worked out who's top chicken.

    雞會啄來啄去直到決定出誰是老大。

  • But you know whose really top chicken? We're top chicken.

    但是你知道誰最雞嗎?我們才是大雞雞

  • Dogs and cats: this is what makes them different.

    狗和貓,這就是牠們的相異點。

  • Dogs will love you and defend you and hunt with you because you're part of the pack.

    狗狗會愛你、幫你看家狩獵因為你是狗群的一員。

  • Dogs live to be useful to us -- which in the modern world means falling over to play dead -- but they love it

    狗生來就對人類有用─雖然在現代這意味趴下裝死, 但反正牠們喜歡。

  • "Bang! .... Good girl. Good girl!" [laughing]

    「倒!乖女孩、乖女孩。」(笑)

  • ... whereas a cat is a tiny tiger that lives in your house.

    不過喵皇就是你家的小老虎。

  • Ok, back to these guys.

    好,回來看這些傢伙。

  • For zebra, there's no such thing as society.

    對斑馬而言,沒有社會這種事情。

  • They hang out in groups because it's a good survival strategy but they don't really care.

    牠們聚在一起因為更有機會生存,但其實不太在乎。

  • Catch a zebra and his family won't follow, try to ride him and you'll be lucky to keep your fingers.

    抓一隻斑馬而其家庭不會跟隨, 想騎上牠能保住手指已是幸運。

  • Zebra look like horses on the outside, but not on the inside.

    斑馬外表看似像馬,內在判若雲泥。

  • So that's the checklist: Friendly - Feedable - Fecund - Family Friendly

    因此這是清單:友善、好養、多產、家族嚴密。

  • It's not a long checklist, but for Hunter-Gatherers, any animal they wanted to domesticate needed everything,...

    這清單不長,但對獵人隊群而言, 任何他們想要馴養的動物需要符合所有條件。

  • ...which is why in early human history only a bakers dozen of big animals were domesticated the world over.

    因此人類歷史早期全球只有十幾種大型動物被馴養。

  • [music]

    此影片由 audible.com 贊助播出

  • This video has been brought to you by audible.com.

    如果你和我一樣喜歡用清單做事

  • And if you like checklists as much as I do,...

    我在此介紹你這本書給你聽:由Atul Gawande寫的《The Checklist Manifesto》

  • I'm going to recommend to you the book "The Checklist Manifesto" by Atul Gawande.

    沒錯 這就是一本關於清單的重要性的一本書籍

  • Yes! There's an entire book about how important and life-changing checklists can be...

    裡面記錄好的清單和壞的清單的特點

  • ...and what makes a good checklist and what makes a bad checklist,

    還附有例子 從航空業至戰爭時期至日常生活

  • ... with examples from the airline industry to war time, to just your regular daily life.

    再次強烈推薦

  • I highly recommend it.

    你可以到 audible.com/grey 來免費試用,然後聽聽這本書

  • Go to audible.com/grey for a free trial in Audible and give "The Checklist Manifesto"a listen.

    Audible 那裡有超過 180,000 本有聲書供你選擇 我聽有聲書,讓我的生活更進步

  • Audible has have over 180,000 things for you to listen to and I listen to audiobooks all the time to improve my life.

    所以 為何不去 audible.com/grey 試試看呢?

  • Why not get started today by going to Audible.com/grey?

  • [music]

Sheep... weren't always this fluffy.

綿羊,不是向來都毛茸茸的。

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