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So two guys walk into a bar.
兩個人走進酒吧。 (譯註:這是美國常用的笑話開頭。)
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Really?
真的嗎?
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No, seriously.
不,不是你想得那樣。
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Two guys walk into a bar,
兩個人走進酒吧,
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an ice cream bar:
應該說冰淇淋吧:
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Dave, a physicist working on the Large Hadron Collider at CERN,
Dave 是一位在 CERN 大型強子對撞機(LHC) 工作的物理學家,
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the European laboratory for particle physics,
CERN 是歐洲的粒子物理實驗室。
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and Steve, a blues singer.
而 Steve 是一位藍調歌手。
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"Dave, how's it going?"
「Dave,最近如何?」
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"Steve, good to see you!"
「Steve,見到你真好!」
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"Two scoops of chocolate almond for me."
「我要兩球巧克力杏仁冰淇淋。」
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"Vanilla shake."
「我要香草奶昔。」
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"Hey, I just saw something about the LHC on TV.
「嘿!我剛在電視上看到一些關於 LHC 的報導。
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You guys found bozo in your detector?"
你們用你們的儀器發現了笨蛋(bozo)?」
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"Well, not exactly.
「這個嘛,不完全。
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We found a boson,
我們發現了玻色子(boson),
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probably the Higgs boson."
可能是希格斯玻色子(Higgs boson)。」
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"What's that?"
「那是什麼?」
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"It's a particle."
「那是一種粒子。」
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"Don't you find particles all the time?"
「你們不是總是在發現粒子嗎?」
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"Yes, but this one means
「是沒錯,不過這一次
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that the Higgs field might really exist."
可以證明希格斯場(Higgs field) 可能真的存在。」
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"Field? What field?"
「場?什麼場?」
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"The Higgs field.
「希格斯場。
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It's named after Peter Higgs,
它是以彼得.希格斯(Peter Higgs)命名,
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although many others contributed to the idea.
不過很多人對這想法也很有貢獻。
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It isn't a field, like where you grow corn,
它不是像我們種玉米的那種『場』,
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but a hypothetical, invisible kind of force field
而是一個可不見、假設中的『場』,
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that pervades the whole universe."
它遍佈在整個宇宙。」
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"Hmmmm, okay.
「嗯……好吧。
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If it pervades the whole universe,
如果它遍佈在整個宇宙中,
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how come I've never seen it?
那我們怎麼沒看過?
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That's a bit strange."
這樣有點怪。」
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"Well, actually, it's not that strange.
「嗯,事實上它也不是那麼奇怪。
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Think of the air around us.
想想看我們周圍的空氣。
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We can't see it or smell it.
我們沒辦法看到或聞到它。
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Well, perhaps in some places we can.
呃,可能有些時候可以。
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But we can detect its presence with sophisticated equipment,
但是我們可以用一些先進設備 來偵測它的存在,
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like our own bodies.
比如說我們的身體。
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So the fact that we can't see something
所以我們沒辦法看見 某樣東西的這件事實,
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just makes it a bit harder to determine
只是讓我們比較難去
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whether its really there or not."
分辨這樣東西的存在與否。」
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"Alright, go on."
「好吧,你繼續。」
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"So, we believe this Higgs field is all around us,
「所以我們相信希格斯場 就在我們周遭,
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everywhere in the universe.
在宇宙的各個角落。
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And what it does is rather special -
而讓它非常特別的是
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it gives mass to elementary particles."
──它賦予基本粒子質量。」
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"What's an elementary particle?"
「什麼是基本粒子?」
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"An elementary particle is what we call
「基本粒子就是我們所說的
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particles that have no structure,
沒有額外結構的粒子,
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they can't be divided,
它們沒辦法再分割,
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they're the basic building blocks of the universe."
它們是這宇宙的基本構成要素。」
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"I thought those were atoms."
「我以為那些就是原子。」
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"Well, atoms are actually made of smaller components,
「這個,原子事實上是由更小的東西所組成,
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protons, neutrons, and electrons.
質子、中子、還有電子。
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While electrons are fundamental particles,
其中電子是基本粒子,
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neutrons and protons are not.
而中子和質子不是。
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They are made up of other fundamental particles called quarks."
它們是由另一種叫夸克(quark) 的基本粒子所組成。」
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"Sounds like Russian dolls.
「聽起來好像俄羅斯娃娃。
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Does it ever end?"
這會有結果嗎?」
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"Actually, we don't really know.
「老實說,我們不知道。
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But our current understanding
但我們目前的理解
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is called the Standard Model.
是叫做「標準模型」。
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In it, there are two types of fundamental particles:
在這之中,有兩類的基本粒子:
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the fermions, that make up matter,
費米子(fermion), 它構成質量;
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and the bosons, that carry forces.
還有玻色子, 它承載力量。
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We often order these particles
我們常常會把粒子
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according to their properties, such as mass.
依照它們的性質作排列,比如說質量。
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We can measure the masses of the particles,
我們可以測量粒子的質量,
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but we never really knew where this mass came from
但我們一直沒辦法了解 質量是從哪來、
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or why they have the masses they do."
或是為什麼它們擁有各自的質量。」
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"So how does this Higgs field thing explain mass?"
「那,這個希格斯場 要怎麼解釋質量呢?」
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"Well, when a particle passes through the Higgs field,
「嗯,當一個粒子通過希格斯場的時候,
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it interacts and gets mass.
它們會交互作用,然後獲得質量。
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The more it interacts, the more mass it has."
它們交互作用得愈多, 它就擁有愈多的質量。」
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"OK, I kind of get that, but is it really that important?
「好吧,我大概了解, 不過它真的那麼重要嗎?
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I mean, what if there were no Higgs field?"
我的意思是,如果這世上沒希格斯場呢?」
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"If there were no Higgs field,
「如果沒有希格斯場,
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the world wouldn't exist at all.
這世界根本不會存在。
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There would be no stars, no planets, no air, no anything,
不會有恆星、不會有行星、 沒有空氣,什麼都沒有。
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not even that spoon or the ice cream you're eating."
甚至不會有你眼前的 湯匙和冰淇淋。」
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"Oh, that would be bad.
「噢,這樣就不太好。
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Okay, but where does this Higgs boson fit into things?"
好吧,但是希格斯玻色子是如何 和其它東西作用呢?」
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"Alright, now, you see the cherry in my shake?"
「好,你有看到我這奶昔上的櫻桃吧?」
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"Can I have it?"
「我可以吃嗎?」
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"No, not yet. We have to use it as an analogy first."
「不行,還不行。我們要先拿它當作 一個比方。」
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"Oh, right, the cherry's the Higgs boson."
「噢,對!這櫻桃就是希格斯玻色子。」
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"No, not quite.
「不,不完全。
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The cherry is a particle moving through the Higgs field, the shake.
櫻桃是在希格斯場移動的粒子, 而奶昔就是這個場。
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The shake gives the cherry its mass."
是奶昔給了櫻桃質量。」
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"I get it. Okay, so the molecules of the shake are the Higgs bosons!"
「我知道了。好吧,所以奶昔的分子 就是希格斯玻色子!」
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"Well, you're getting closer.
「嗯,你更接近了。
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It takes an excitation of the Higgs field
要讓希格斯產生希格斯玻色子
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to produce the Higgs boson.
必須加點額外的刺激。
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So, for example, if I were to add energy
比如說,如果我要增加一些能量,
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by, say, dropping this cherry in the shake,"
像是,放一顆櫻桃在這奶昔裡……」
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"Ah, then the drops that spill on the bar
「噢,那麼濺到桌面的那些
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are the Higgs bosons."
就是希格斯玻色子。」
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"Almost! The splash itself is the Higgs boson."
「幾乎對了!這濺出來的部份 本身是希格斯玻色子。」
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"Are you serious?"
「你是認真的嗎?」
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"Well, that's what quantum mechanics teaches us.
「嗯,這是量子力學教我們的。
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In fact, all particles are excitations of fields."
事實上,所有粒子都是 某些場的激發狀態。」
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"Okay, right. Well, I kind of see why you like particle physics,
「好。那,我好像開始了解 為什麼你喜歡粒子物理了,
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it's quite cool,
它真的蠻酷的,
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strange, but cool."
怪怪的,但是很酷。」
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"Yeah, you could call it a bit strange,
「是啦,你也可以說它有點怪,
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it's not like everyday life.
它不像日常生活中所見的那樣。
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The Higgs boson is an excitation of the Higgs field.
希格斯玻色子是希格斯場的一種激發。
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By finding the Higgs boson,
藉由發現希格斯玻色子,
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we know that the Higgs field exists."
我們就可以知道希格斯場存在。」
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"Right. So now you found it,
「對。所以你找到了,
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we know this Higgs field exists.
你知道希格斯場存在。
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You must be done.
你們應該完成了。
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Is there anything left of particle physics?"
那粒子物理裡還有什麼沒發現嗎?」
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"Actually, we've just begun.
「事實上,我們這只是剛開始。
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It's a bit like, you know, when Columbus thought
它就像是,當哥倫布認為
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he had found a new route to India.
他找到去印度的新航線一樣。
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He'd, indeed, found something new,
他確實發現了新東西,
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but not quite what he was expecting.
不過和他所想的並不完全一樣。
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So, first, we need to make sure that the boson we found
所以首先,我們必須先確認 我們找到的玻色子
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is actually the Higgs boson.
確實就是希格斯玻色子。
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It seems to fit, but we need to measure
它看起來蠻像的,但是我們必須觀測
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its properties to be sure."
它的一些性質磁能確認。」
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"How'd you do that?"
「你們要怎麼做呢?」
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"Take a lot more data.
「取得大量的資料。
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This new boson lives for only a very short time
這個新的玻色子只會存活 非常短的一段時間,
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before it breaks down or decays
然後它就分裂、或是衰變
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into lighter, more stable particles.
變成更輕、更穩定的粒子。
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By measuring these particles,
藉由觀測這些粒子,
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you learn about the properties of the boson."
我們就可以知道這玻色子的一些性質。」
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"And what exactly are you looking for?"
「那你們究竟在找什麼呢?」
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"Well, the Standard Model predicts how often
「嗯,標準模型預測了希格斯玻色子
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and in what ways the Higgs boson would decay
衰變的頻率、以及它會用什麼方式
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to the various, lighter particles.
衰變成其它不同的更輕的粒子。
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So we want to see if the particle we have found
所以我們想要看看我們找到的粒子
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is the one predicted by the Standard Model
是不是像標準模型預測的那樣,
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or if it fits into other possible theoretical models."
還是說它比較符合其它的理論模型。」
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"And if it fits a different model?"
「那如果它符合其它模型呢?」
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"That would be even more exciting!
「這樣就更有趣了!
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In fact, that's how science advances.
事實上,這就是科學會進步的原因。
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We replace old models with new ones
如果新的理論能更好地 解釋我們的觀察,
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if they better explain our observations."
那我們就用新的來取代舊的。」
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"Right, so it seems like finding this Higgs boson
「對,所以看起來找到希格斯玻色子
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gives a direction for exploration,
指出了探索的方向,
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a bit like that Columbus guy heading west."
有點像是哥倫布決定往西走一樣。」
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"Exactly! And this is really just the beginning."
「完全正確!這真的只是開頭而已。」