you would probably see something like this.

如果你要跳入海洋中 一個隨機選擇的地點，

Empty of large animals.

你可能會看到這樣的景象。

Because we have taken them out of the water

沒有大型動物。

faster than they can reproduce.

因為我們把牠們 從水中抓出來的速度

Today I want to propose a strategy to save ocean life,

比牠們的繁殖速度還快。

and the solution has a lot to do with economics.

今天我想要提出一項策略， 來拯救海洋生命，

In 1999, a little place called Cabo Pulmo in Mexico

這項解決方案和經濟 有密切的相關性。

was an underwater desert.

1999 年，墨西哥 一個叫普爾莫角的小地方

The fishermen were so upset not having enough fish to catch

是水底的沙漠。

that they did something that no one expected.

沒有魚可以捕，讓漁夫非常沮喪，

Instead of spending more time at sea, trying to catch the few fish left,

他們做了一件沒人預期到的事。

they stopped fishing completely.

他們沒有花更多時間在海上， 試著抓出所剩無幾的魚，

They created a national park in the sea.

他們反而完全停止捕魚。

A no-take marine reserve.

他們在海上建立了一個國家公園。

When we returned, 10 years later, this is what we saw.

一個不可捕魚的海洋保護區。

What had been an underwater barren

十年後，我們再返回時， 看到了這樣的景象。

was now a kaleidoscope of life and color.

本來的水底荒漠，

We saw it back to pristine in only 10 years.

現在成了生命和色彩的萬花筒。

Including the return of the large predators,

我們看到它在僅僅 十年間就回到原貌。

like the groupers, the sharks, the jacks.

連大型捕食動物都回來了，

And those visionary fishermen

像是石斑魚、鯊魚、鰺科魚，

are making much more money now, from tourism.

還有那些有遠見的漁夫。

Now, when we can align economic needs with conservation,

現在從觀光賺的錢更多了。

miracles can happen.

當我們能讓經濟需求與保育配合，

And we have seen similar recoveries all over the world.

奇蹟就會發生。

I spent 20 years studying human impacts in the ocean.

在全世界，我們都看過 類似的恢復狀況。

But when I saw firsthand the regeneration of places like Cabo Pulmo,

我花了二十年研究 人類對海洋的影響。

that gave me hope.

但當我親眼看到 像普爾莫角這類地方的重生，

So I decided to quit my job as a university professor

我找到了希望。

to dedicate my life to save more ocean places like this.

所以我決定辭去大學教授的工作，

In the last 10 years, our team at National Geographic Pristine Seas

把我的人生投入拯救 更多像這樣的海洋地區。

has explored, surveyed and documented

在過去十年，我們的 「國家地理原始海洋」團隊

some of the wildest places left in the ocean

探索、調查，並記錄了

and worked with governments to protect them.

海洋中一些最野生的地方，

These are all now protected, covering a total area half the size of Canada.

並和政府合作，來保護這些地方。

(Applause)

這些現在都受到保護了，

These places are the Yellowstones and the Serengetis of the sea.

加起來的總面積 有半個加拿大這麼大。

These are places where you jump in the water

（掌聲）

and are immediately surrounded by sharks.

這些地方是海洋的 黃石公園和塞倫蓋提。

(Laughter)

在這些地方，當你跳入水中，

And this is good,

就會馬上被鯊魚圍繞。

because the sharks are a good indicator of the health of the ecosystem.

（笑聲）

These places are time machines

這是好現象，

that take us to the ocean of 1,000 years ago.

因為鯊魚是很好的指標， 表示生態系統很健康。

But they also show us what the future ocean could be like.

這些地方是時光機，

Because the ocean has extraordinary regenerative power,

帶我們回到一千年前的海洋。

we have seen great recovery in just a few years.

但它們也讓我們看到， 未來的海洋可能是什麼樣子。

We just need to protect many more places at risk

因為海洋有超凡的新生力，

so they can become wild and full of life again.

短短幾年我們就已經 看到了了不起的恢復狀況。

But today, only two percent of the ocean

我們得要保護更多 面臨風險的地方，

is fully protected from fishing and other activities.

讓它們能回復野生，再次充滿生命。

And that's not enough.

但，現今只有 2% 的海洋

Studies suggest that we need at least 30 percent of the ocean under protection

能得到完整的保護， 不受捕魚和其他活動影響。

not just to save marine life, but to save us, too.

那並不足夠。

Because the ocean gives us more than half of the oxygen we breathe, food,

研究指出，我們至少 要有 30% 的海洋受到保護，

it absorbs much of the carbon pollution

這樣不僅能拯救海洋生命， 也能拯救我們。

that we throw in the atmosphere.

因為我們呼吸的氧氣和食物 有一半以上都來自海洋，

We need a healthy ocean to survive.

海洋吸收了大氣中大量

Now, is there a way to accelerate ocean protection?

由我們造製的碳污染。

I think so.

要有健康的海洋，我們才能生存。

And it involves us looking at the high seas.

有什麼方式可以加速海洋保護嗎？

Now, what are the high seas?

我認為有。

Now coastal countries have authority over 200 nautical miles from shore.

這個方法需要我們去研究公海。

Everything beyond those areas are called the high seas.

什麼是公海？

In dark blue on this map.

沿岸國家擁有海岸起算 兩百海浬範圍內的主權。

No country owns the high seas,

在那之外的區域就叫做公海。

no country is responsible for them,

在這張地圖上用深藍色標示。

but they all are, so it's a little like the Wild West.

公海不屬於任何國家，

And there are two main types of fishing in the high seas.

也沒有任何國家要為公海負責，

At the bottom and near the surface.

但公海有一點像是蠻荒的美國西部。

Bottom trawling is the most destructive practice in the world.

在公海，有兩種主要的捕魚方式。

Super trawlers, the largest fishing vessels in the ocean,

在海底和在海面。

have nets so large that they can hold a dozen 747 jets.

海底拖網捕魚是世界上 最具破壞性的做法。

These huge nets destroy everything in their paths --

超級拖網漁船是 海上最大的捕魚船，

including deep corals that grow on sea mounds,

它的魚網大到可以網住 12 台 747 噴射機。

which can be thousands of years old.

這些大型魚網會把它們 經過的地方都摧毀——

And fishing near the surface targets mostly species

包括長在海底山上的深海珊瑚，

that migrate between the high seas and country's waters,

有些已經好幾千歲。

like tuna and sharks.

海面的捕魚，目標是在公海

And many of these species are threatened because of too much fishing

和國家領海之間遷徒的物種，

and bad management.

比如鮪魚和鯊魚。

Now, who fishes in the high seas?

這些物種當中有許多 都因為過度捕撈和不良管理

Until now, it was difficult to know exactly,

而受到威脅。

because countries have been very secretive

那麼誰會在公海捕魚？

about the long-distance fishing.

到目前為止，都很難明確知道，

But now, satellite technology allows us to track individual boats.

因為國家對於遠洋捕魚

This is a game-changer.

都是保密到家。

And this is the first time

但現在，衛星技術 讓我們能夠追蹤個別船隻。

we are presenting the data that you are going to see.

這改變了遊戲規則。

I'm going to show you the tracks of two boats

這是第一次，

over the course of a year,

我們把接下來各位 將會看到的資料公開呈現。

using a satellite automated identification system.

我等下要讓各位看的是，

This is a long-liner, fishing around the southern coast of Africa.

在一年間兩艘船的軌跡，

After a few months fishing there, the boat goes to Japan to resupply,

用的是衛星自動化辨識系統。

and shortly after, here it is, fishing around Madagascar.

這是一艘延繩漁船， 沿著非洲南海岸捕魚。

This is a Russian trawler fishing, probably, for cod,

在那裡捕魚了幾個月之後， 這艘船到日本去做再補給，

in Russian waters,

沒多久，在這裡， 到馬達加斯加捕魚。

and then across the high seas of the north Atlantic.

這是一艘俄國拖網漁船， 可能是在捕鱈魚，

Thanks to Global Fishing Watch,

這是俄國水域，

we have been able to track over 3,600 boats

接著橫越了北大西洋的公海。

from more than 20 countries, fishing in the high seas.

有了 Global Fishing Watch， （全球捕魚監看網站）

They use satellite positioning and machine-learning technology

我們能夠追蹤來自 超過 20 個不同國家，

to automatically identify if a boat is just sailing or fishing,

在公海上捕魚的至少 3600 艘船。

which are the white spots here.

他們用衛星定位及機器學習技術，

So with an international group of colleagues,

自動辨識出一艘船 是在航行或是在捕魚，

we decided to investigate

就是這裡的白點。

not only who fishes in the high seas, but who benefits from it.

所以，我們和同事決定組成

My colleague, Juan Mayorga,

一個國際團體，來調查

at the University of California, Santa Barbara,

誰在公海上捕魚，以及誰從中獲益。

has produced detailed maps of fishing effort,

我的同事，華安馬尤勒加，

which means how much time and fuel is spent fishing

來自聖塔芭芭拉的加州大學，

in every pixel in the ocean.

針對捕魚耗資做出了細節地圖，

We have a map for every country.

耗資指的是花在海洋中 每一個像素內捕魚

China, Taiwan, Japan, Korea and Spain alone

所花的時間和燃料。

account for almost 80 percent of the fishing in the high seas.

每個國家，我們都有一張地圖。

When we put all of the countries together,

光是中國、台灣、日本、 韓國，和西班牙，

this is what we get.

就幾乎佔了公海捕魚的 80%。

Because we know the identity of every boat in the database,

當我們把所有這些國家加在一起，

we know its size, its tonnage, the power of its engines,

就得到這個。

how many crew are on board.

因為我們知道資料庫中 每一艘船的身份，

With this information, we can calculate fuel costs, labor costs, etc.

我們就能知道它的大小、 噸位、引擎馬力、

So for the first time,

有多少船員。

we have been able to map the costs of fishing in the high seas.

有這些資訊，我們就能計算出 燃料成本、勞力成本等等。

The darker the red, the higher the costs.

所以，第一次，

Thanks to our colleagues at the University of British Columbia,

我們得以在地圖上繪製出 公海的捕魚成本。

we know how much every country is actually fishing.

紅色越深，表示成本越高。

And we know the price of the fish as it comes off the vessel.

有賴我們在英屬 哥倫比亞大學的同事，

Combined with the data on effort,

我們知道每個國家的實際捕魚量。

we have been able to map the revenue of fishing the high seas.

我們也知道當魚獲 離開船的時候的價格。

The darker the blue, the higher the revenue.

和耗資的資料結合，

We have costs, and we have revenue.

我們就能夠在地圖上繪製出 在公海捕魚的收入。

So for the first time,

越深的藍色，表示越高的收入。

we have been able to map the profitability of fishing in the high seas.

我們有成本，我們有收入。

Now I'm going to show you a map.

所以，第一次，

Red colors mean we are losing money by fishing in that part of the ocean.

我們能夠在地圖上繪製出 在公海上捕魚的利潤。

Blue colors mean it's profitable.

現在我要展示一張地圖。

Here it is.

紅色表示在海洋的那個區域 捕魚是會損失錢的。

It seems mostly profitable.

藍色表示是有利可圖。

But there are two more factors we have to take into account.

就是這張圖。

First, recent investigations reveal

似乎大多有利可圖。

the use of forced labor, or slave labor,

但我們還需要考量兩個因子。

in high seas fishing.

第一，近期的調查顯示，

Companies use it to cut costs, to generate profits.

在公海捕魚時， 有人會使用強迫的勞工

And second, every year, governments subsidize high seas fishing

或是奴隸勞工。

with more than four billion dollars.

公司用這些人 來縮減成本，產生利潤。

Let's go back to the map of profits.

第二，每年政府會補助公海捕魚，

If we assume fair wages,

金額超過 40 億美元。

which means not slave labor,

我們再回來看利潤地圖。

and we remove the subsidies from our calculation,

如果我們假設薪資是公平的，

the map turns into this.

也就是說沒有奴隸勞工，

Fishing is truly profitable in only half of the high seas fishing grounds.

且我們在計算時把補助給排除，

In fact, on aggregate,

地圖就會變成這樣。

subsidies are four times larger than the profits.

只有在一半的公海上， 捕魚才是有利可圖的。

So we have five countries doing most of the fishing in the high seas

事實上，從總計來看，

and the economics are dependent on huge government subsidies,

補助是利潤的四倍之多。

and for some countries, on human rights violations.

所以有五個國家 大部分的捕魚都在公海進行，

What this economic analysis reveals,

而經濟方面則大量依賴政府補助，

is that practically the entire high seas fishing proposition is misguided.

有些國家，則是依賴 違反人權的方式。

What sane government would subsidize an industry

這項經濟分析揭示出一個狀況，

anchored in exploitation and fundamentally destructive?

實際上整個公海補魚的 主張就已經被誤導了。

And not so profitable, anyway.

神智清楚的政府怎麼會 去補助一個產業，

So, why don't we close all of the high seas to fishing?

如果這個產業靠的是剝削， 且從根本上就是具有摧毀性的？

Let's create a giant high seas reserve, two-thirds of the ocean.

而且還不是很能獲利。

A modeling study from --

所以，為什麼我們不停止 所有的公海捕魚？

(Applause)

我們來建立一個巨大海洋保護區， 佔海洋比例的三分之二。

A modeling study from colleagues at UC Santa Barbara,

一篇建模的研究——

suggests that such reserve would help migratory species like tuna

（掌聲）

recover in the high seas.

聖塔芭芭拉加州大學的同事 有一篇建模的研究，

And part of that increased abundance would spill over into the countries' waters,

指出這類保護區能夠協助 遷徒型物種，比如鮪魚，

helping to replenish them.

在公海中恢復原來的狀況。

That would also increase the catch in these waters,

這些物種夠豐足之後， 有一部分就會進入到國家的領海，

and so would the profits,

協助補充領海的生物。

because the cost of fishing would be lowered.

那就會增加在這些領海的漁獲量，

And the ecological benefits would be huge,

利潤跟著提升，

because these species of large predators, like tuna and sharks,

因為捕魚的成本會下降。

are key to the health of the entire ecosystem.

經濟的利益會很大，

Therefore, protecting the high seas

因為這些大型捕食動物， 比如鮪魚和鯊魚，

would have ecological, economic and social benefits.

是整個生態系統健康的關鍵。

But the truth is that most fishing companies

因此，保護公海

don't care about the environment.

會帶來生態、經濟， 以及社會的益處。

But they would make more money by not fishing in the high seas.

但真相是大部分的捕魚公司

And this would not affect our ability to feed our growing population,

都不在乎環境。

because the high seas provide only five percent of the global marine catch,

但如果不在公海捕魚， 他們會賺更多錢。

because the high seas are not as productive as near-shore waters.

這不會影響到我們供應 食物給不斷成長的人口，

And most of the catch of the high seas is sold as upscale food items,

因為全球海洋的漁獲， 只有 5% 是來自公海，

like tuna sashimi or shark fin soup.

因為公海不像近海水域 那麼有生產力。

The high seas catch does not contribute to global food security.

在公海上大部分的漁獲都是 以高檔商品的定位來銷售，

So how are we going to do it?

比如鮪魚生魚片或是魚翅湯。

How are we going to protect the high seas?

公海漁獲對於全球的糧食保障 並沒有什麼貢獻。

As we speak, negotiators at the United Nations

那麼，我們要如何做？

are beginning discussions on a new agreement to do just that.

我們要如何保護公海？

But this cannot happen behind closed doors.

就在這個時候，聯合國的談判專家

This is our greatest opportunity.

已經開始討論關於 保護公海的新協議。

And we all should ensure

但關起門來是不可能讓它實現的。

that our countries will support the protection of the high seas

這是我們最大的機會。

and get rid of subsidies to industrial fishing.

我們都應該要確保

In 2016, 24 countries and the European Union

我們的國家會支持對公海的保護，

agreed to protect the Ross Sea,

不要再對工業捕魚提供補助。

the wildest places in Antarctica,

2016 年，24 個國家以及歐盟

full of wildlife like killer whales, leopard seals, penguins.

同意要保護羅斯海，

And this included fishing nations, like China, Japan, Spain, Russia.

那是南極洲最野生的地方，

But they decided that protecting such a unique environment

充滿了野生動物， 像是逆戟鯨、豹海豹、企鵝。

would be worth more than exploiting it for relatively little benefit.

這些國家還包含了捕魚國家， 如中國、日本、西班牙、俄國。

And this is exactly the type of cooperation

但他們會決定要保護 這麼獨特的環境，

and willingness to set aside differences

是因為保護它的價值更高， 不需為了相對少的利益來利用它。

that we are going to need.

就是要靠這種合作和意願，

We can do it again.

來排除歧見，

If 20 years from now,

這才是我們會需要的。

our children were to jump into any random spot in the ocean,

我們可以再做一次。

what would they see?

如果 20 年之後，

A barren landscape, like much of our seas today,

我們的孩子要跳入海洋中 一個隨機選擇的地點，

or an abundance of life, our legacy to the future?

他們會看到什麼？

Thank you very much.

貧瘠的地景， 就像現在大部分的海洋？

(Applause)

或是充滿生命的景象， 我們留給未來的遺產？

Thank you.

非常謝謝。

(Applause)

（掌聲）