the Dutch.

我來自地球最高人種的國家--

It hasn't always been this way.

荷蘭。

In fact, all across the globe, people have been gaining height.

但不是只有荷蘭這樣。

In the last 150 years,

事實上，全世界的人都在長高。

in developed countries,

過去的 150 年，

on average, we have gotten 10 centimeters taller.

在已開發國家中，

And scientists have a lot of theories about why this is,

我們身高平均已經多了 10 公分。

but almost all of them involve nutrition,

而科學家有很多有關於這方面的理論，

namely the increase of dairy and meat.

但它們大部分都與營養有關，

In the last 50 years,

換句話說就是奶類與肉類。

global meat consumption has more than quadrupled,

在過去的 50 年，

from 71 million tons to 310 million tons.

全球肉類的消費增長已經超過 4 倍，

Something similar has been going on with milk and eggs.

從七千一百萬萬噸 上升到三億一千萬噸。

In every society where incomes have risen, so has protein consumption.

牛奶和雞蛋也有相同的情況。

And we know that globally, we are getting richer.

在每個收入增加的社會， 蛋白質的消耗量也跟著增加。

And as the middle class is on the rise, so is our global population,

我們知道全世界的人越來越有錢。

from 7 billion of us today to 9.7 billion by 2050,

當中產階級人口上升， 全球的人口也跟著上升，

which means that by 2050,

到2050年之前，全球人口會從 70 億增加到 97 億。

we are going to need at least 70 percent more protein

也就是說，在 2050 年前，

than what is available to humankind today.

我們需要的蛋白質

And the latest prediction of the UN puts that population number,

比現在供應給全人類的至少多出70％。

by the end of this century, at 11 billion,

根據聯合國的最新預測，

which means that we are going to need a lot more protein.

到這個世紀末，人口數量會來到110億，

This challenge is staggering --

意思就是我們會需要 相當多的蛋白質。

so much so, that recently,

這個挑戰很驚人--

a team at Anglia Ruskin Global Sustainability Institute suggested

這麼的多，所以最近，

that if we don't change our global policies

安格利亞魯斯金的 全球可持續發展研究所的一個小組表示，

and food production systems,

如果我們不改變

our societies might actually collapse in the next 30 years.

我們全球食物生產的政策，

Currently, our ocean serves as the main source of animal protein.

我們的社會在下一個 30 年 也許真的會崩潰。

Over 2.6 billion people depend on it every single day.

目前，我們的海洋是 動物性蛋白質的主要來源。

At the same time,

超過 26 億人口，每天都要依賴它生活。

our global fisheries are two-and-a-half times larger

與此同時，

than what our oceans can sustainably support,

我們目前的全球漁穫

meaning that humans take far more fish from the ocean

是我們海洋可持續 供應量的兩倍半。

than the oceans can naturally replace.

意思就是，人類從海洋取得的漁穫

WWF recently published a report showing that just in the last 40 years,

遠遠超過 海洋本身的自然替換量。

our global marine life has been slashed in half.

WWF 世界野生動物基金會 最近發表一篇報告指出近 40 年，

And another recent report suggests that of our largest predatory species,

全球海洋生物數量已經被削減了一半。

such as swordfish and bluefin tuna,

另外最新一份報告表示， 我們最大的捕食性魚類，

over 90 percent has disappeared since the 1950s.

像是劍魚和藍鰭鮪魚，

And there are a lot of great, sustainable fishing initiatives across the planet

從1950年代以來，超過 90% 已經消失。

working towards better practices and better-managed fisheries.

全球有很多規模很大， 可持續水產創業家

But ultimately,

正朝更好的實務經驗與漁業管理邁進。

all of these initiatives are working towards keeping current catch constant.

但最終，

It's unlikely,

這些業者若一直 保持不變的漁獲量繼續捕撈，

even with the best-managed fisheries,

那麼，

that we are going to be able to take much more from the ocean

即使有最好的漁業管理，

than we do today.

我們也不太可能從海洋捕獲

We have to stop plundering our oceans the way we have.

比現今更多的漁獲量。

We need to alleviate the pressure on it.

我們必須停止用同樣的方式 掠奪我們的海洋，

And we are at a point

我們必須減輕海洋的壓力。

where if we push much harder for more produce,

我們現在正在一個轉捩點上，

we might face total collapse.

如果我們為了更多的魚獲量 而拼命捕獲，

Our current systems are not going to feed a growing global population.

可能會面臨全面性的崩盤。

So how do we fix this?

我們目前的系統無法滿足 全球持續成長的人口。

What's the world going to look like in just 35 short years

所以，我們要如何修正呢？

when there's 2.7 billion more of us sharing the same resources?

如果多出的 27 億人口， 享用同樣的資源，

We could all become vegan.

那麼往後的35年，世界會變怎麼樣？

Sounds like a great idea,

我們可以都變成素食者。

but it's not realistic

聽起來這主意不錯，

and it's impossibly hard to mandate globally.

但不實際，

People are eating animal protein whether we like it or not.

而且根本不可能命令全世界人食素。

And suppose we fail to change our ways

不管我們喜不喜歡， 人們仍舊食用動物性蛋白。

and continue on the current path,

假設我們不改變我們的方式，

failing to meet demands.

繼續走原路，

The World Health Organization recently reported

那肯定無法滿足需求。

that 800 million people are suffering from malnutrition and food shortage,

WHO 全球衛生組織最近報告，

which is due to that same growing, global population

目前有 8 億人口正苦於 營養不良與食物短缺。

and the declining access to resources like water, energy and land.

原因就是不斷成長的全球人口，

It takes very little imagination

及可用資源的下降， 像是水、能源、土地。

to picture a world of global unrest, riots and further malnutrition.

用點想像力，就可以描繪出，

People are hungry,

一個動盪、暴亂和更多營養不良的世界。

and we are running dangerously low on natural resources.

人們受飢餓，

For so, so many reasons,

而且，我們的自然資源快要用完。

we need to change our global food production systems.

因此，這麼多的原因，

We must do better

我們必須改變全球的食物生產系統。

and there is a solution.

我們必須做得更好，

And that solution lies in aquaculture --

而且有一個解決方案。

the farming of fish, plants like seaweed, shellfish and crustaceans.

而這個解決方案就是水產養殖--

As the great ocean hero Jacques Cousteau once said,

養殖魚類、像海藻植物、 貝類和甲殼類動物。

"We must start using the ocean as farmers instead of hunters.

偉大的海洋英雄 Jacques Cousteau 曾經說過，

That's what civilization is all about -- farming instead of hunting."

「我們現在對待海洋必須像個 農夫一樣，而不是獵人。

Fish is the last food that we hunt.

這是身為公民應該做的事-- 養殖取代捕撈。」

And why is it that we keep hearing phrases like,

魚類是我們最後才能獵殺的食物。

"Life's too short for farmed fish,"

而為什麼我們一直聽到這些話，像是，

or, "Wild-caught, of course!"

" 生命如此短促，不值得去養魚。"

over fish that we know virtually nothing about?

或者 " 當然要野生捕捉！"

We don't know what it ate during its lifetime,

魚的一生，我們幾乎都不懂吧？

and we don't know what pollution it encounters.

我們不知道它這一生中，吃了甚麼，

And if it was a large predatory species,

我們也不知道，它受到了甚麼污染，

it might have gone through the coast of Fukushima yesterday.

如果它是大型的肉食種類，

We don't know.

它很有可能昨天才剛經過 日本福島的海岸。

Very few people realize

我們不知道，

the traceability in fisheries never goes beyond the hunter

很少人知道

that caught the wild animal.

漁業的追蹤技術永遠追不上

But let's back up for a second

獵人打獵的技術技術。

and talk about why fish is the best food choice.

讓我們回到剛剛提到的話題，

It's healthy,

並講一下為甚麼魚是最好的食物選擇？

it prevents heart disease,

它對人類身體健康有益，

it provides key amino acids

可以避免心臟疾病，

and key fatty acids like Omega-3s,

也是提供氨基酸的主要主要來源，

which is very different from almost any other type of meat.

和主要脂肪酸 例如Omega-3 ，

And aside from being healthy,

與其他種類的肉非常不一樣，

it's also a lot more exciting and diverse.

更不用說吃了會健康，

Think about it -- most animal farming is pretty monotonous.

而且它種類繁多，生氣勃勃。

Cow is cow, sheep is sheep, pig's pig,

思考一下--大部分畜牧業 都非常雷同單調乏味，

and poultry -- turkey, duck, chicken -- pretty much sums it up.

牛就是牛、羊就是羊、豬就是豬，

And then there's 500 species of fish being farmed currently.

和家禽--火雞、鴨、雞-- 幾乎就是這幾樣而已。

not that Western supermarkets reflect that on their shelves,

但目前大約有500種魚類被養殖著。

but that's beside that point.

並非西方社會超級市場架上 展示的那一些產品，

And you can farm fish in a very healthy manner

但這不是重點。

that's good for us, good for the planet and good for the fish.

你可以用非常健康的方式養殖魚類，

I know I sound fish-obsessed --

這對我們是有益的、 對地球跟魚類都是好的。

(Laughter)

我知道我聽起來像個魚痴--

Let me explain:

（笑聲）

My brilliant partner and wife, Amy Novograntz, and I got involved

讓我解釋一下：

in aquaculture a couple of years ago.

我聰明的太太，Amy Novograntz 和我，

We were inspired by Sylvia Earle,

幾年前一起踏入水產養殖業。

who won the TED Prize in 2009.

我們是受 Sylvia Earle 啟發，

We actually met on Mission Blue I in the Galapagos.

她是 2009 年TED的年度獲獎者。

Amy was there as the TED Prize Director;

我們實際是在 Galapagos 的 藍色 1 號任務相識。

me, an entrepreneur from the Netherlands and concerned citizen,

Amy是 TED 獎項的負責人；

love to dive, passion for the oceans.

我，一個來自荷蘭的企業家，關心社會的公民，

Mission Blue truly changed our lives.

喜歡潛水、熱愛海洋。

We fell in love,

藍色任務真的改變了我們的生命，

got married

我們相戀、

and we came away really inspired,

結婚，

thinking we really want to do something about ocean conservation --

一路走來我們備受鼓舞，

something that was meant to last,

並很想為 海洋保護做點事情，

that could make a real difference

一些可足夠維持、

and something that we could do together.

能真正改變的事情，

Little did we expect that that would lead us to fish farming.

一些我們可以一起做的事情。

But a few months after we got off the boat,

沒想到這會引領 我們來到魚類養殖的領域。

we got to a meeting at Conservation International,

但我們下船後幾個月，

where the Director General of WorldFish was talking about aquaculture,

出席國際保護協會的一個聚會，

asking a room full of environmentalists to stop turning from it,

會上世界漁業總局的局長進行一次有關水產養殖的演講，

realize what was going on

要求場內眾多的環保人仕不要迴避這個議題，

and to really get involved

先了解發生了甚麼事，

because aquaculture has the potential

然後再投入參與，

to be just what our oceans and populations need.

因為水產養殖有潛力

We were stunned when we heard the stats

同時滿足大海與人類的需求。

that we didn't know more about this industry already

當我們聽到數字時，嚇了一跳，

and excited about the chance to help get it right.

我們不知道這個產業 已經到達這種種況，

And to talk about stats --

而且對幫助這個產業 扶正感到相當興奮。

right now, the amount of fish consumed globally,

談到統計數字--

wild catch and farmed combined,

目前，全球魚類的消費，

is twice the tonnage of the total amount of beef

包括野生獵捕與養殖的，

produced on planet earth last year.

去年全球的總噸數是牛肉的兩倍，

Every single fishing vessel combined,

全球的捕漁船， 不管小的、大的加總起來

small and large, across the globe,

每年共要捕撈野生海鮮 6500 萬噸供全人類消費。

together produce about 65 million tons of wild-caught seafood

養殖漁業今年的產量，

for human consumption.

從有歷史紀錄以來，

Aquaculture this year,

第一次突破我們從海洋捕撈的總量。

for the first time in history,

但現在是這樣：

actually produces more than what we catch from the wild.

需求一直上升，

But now this:

在未來的 35 年，

Demand is going to go up.

我們還需要額外的 8500 萬公噸來滿足需求，

In the next 35 years,

差不多是 1.5 倍於

we are going to need an additional 85 million tons to meet demand,

我們從全球海洋捕撈的總重量，

which is one-and-a-half times as much, almost,

相當大的數字，

as what we catch globally out of our oceans.

可以肯定這些捕撈量不可能全部來自海洋。

An enormous number.

它需要來自養殖。

It's safe to assume that that's not going to come from the ocean.

而談到養殖業--

It needs to come from farming.

養殖也需要資源。

And talk about farming --

就像人類，需要每天吃東西 長大維持生命一樣，

for farming you need resources.

所以動物也一樣。

As a human needs to eat to grow and stay alive,

一隻牛需要吃 8~9 磅 的飼料，

so does an animal.

以及 8000 公升的水，

A cow needs to eat eight to nine pounds of feed

才能產出 1 磅的肉。

and drink almost 8,000 liters of water

專家同意

to create just one pound of meat.

利用養牛的方式來滿足全球的需求是不可能的。

Experts agree that it's impossible

我們根本沒有足夠的飼料與水源。

to farm cows for every inhabitant on this planet.

而且我們不能因此而砍掉 雨林來滿足這個需求。

We just don't have enough feed or water.

還有新鮮的水-- 地球能提供的量相當有限。

And we can't keep cutting down rain forests for it.

我們需要更高效率的東西

And fresh water -- planet earth has a very limited supply.

來讓地球的人類生存。

We need something more efficient

現在，讓我們用這個 與水產養殖做比較。

to keep humankind alive on this planet.

你養殖一磅的魚只需要一磅的飼料，

And now let's compare that with fish farming.

視乎不同的種類，有的甚至需要更少。

You can farm one pound of fish with just one pound of feed,

為什麼會這樣？

and depending on species, even less.

嗯，因為魚畢竟是用飄浮的。

And why is that?

不用整天像我們一樣站立，需要對抗地心引力。

Well, that's because fish, first of all, float.

而且大部分的魚屬於冷血動物--

They don't need to stand around all day resisting gravity like we do.

牠們不需要自己䐘起來。

And most fish are cold-blooded --

魚~冷!

they don't need to heat themselves.

（笑聲）

Fish chills.

而它只要非常少量的水，

(Laughter)

這是違反常理，

And it needs very little water,

但如我們所說的，

which is counterintuitive,

它在水裡游，幾乎不喝水的。

but as we say,

除了昆蟲，

it swims in it but it hardly drinks it.

魚也是人類攝取蛋白質 最有資源效率的食物。

Fish are the most resource-efficient animal protein available to humankind,

我們目前了解多少？

aside from insects.

例如，除了每年有6500萬噸的捕撈

How much we've learned since.

供人類食用㚈

For example, on top of that 65 million tons that's annually caught

還有另外300萬噸的捕撈供動物飼料，

for human consumption,

大部分的沙丁魚和鳳尾魚， 是供水產養殖業用的，

there's an additional 30 million tons caught for animal feed,

但現在轉變成魚粉和魚油。

mostly sardines and anchovies for the aquaculture industry

這太瘋狂了。

that's turned into fish meal and fish oil.

全球 65% 的這些補魚業者， 大部分都管理不好。

This is madness.

我們這世代最糟糕的事件都與他們有關。

Sixty-five percent of these fisheries, globally, are badly managed.

他們會毀掉我們的海洋。

Some of the worst issues of our time are connected to it.

想像到的最駭人的 奴工事件都與他們有關。

It's destroying our oceans.

最近，一篇來自史丹福大學的文章

The worst slavery issues imaginable are connected to it.

指出，如果 50% 的全球水產養殖業者

Recently, an article came out of Stanford

可以停止使用魚粉，

saying that if 50 percent of the world's aquaculture industry

我們的海洋就有救了。

would stop using fish meal,

現在，思考一下。

our oceans would be saved.

我們知道海洋有一大堆問題--

Now think about that for a minute.

有污染、有酸化、

Now, we know that the oceans have far more problems --

珊瑚礁破壞...等等。

they have pollution, there's acidification,

但它突顯了對我們漁業的影響、

coral reef destruction and so on.

它也突顯了對每件事 相互牽連的的影響。

But it underlines the impact of our fisheries,

漁業、水產養殖、森林濫伐、

and it underlines how interconnected everything is.

氣候變化、食物安全...等等。

Fisheries, aquaculture, deforestation,

魚產業為了尋找替代品，

climate change, food security and so on.

大規模地

In the search for alternatives,

已經恢復到以植物為基礎的替代品，

the industry, on a massive scale,

像是大豆、產業雞糞、

has reverted to plant-based alternatives

來自屠宰場的血粉

like soy, industrial chicken waste,

...等等。

blood meal from slaughterhouses

而我們知道這些選擇來自哪裡，

and so on.

但這不是正確的方法，

And we understand where these choices come from,

這樣不穩定。

but this is not the right approach.

不健康。

It's not sustainable,

你有看過雞在海底的嗎？

it's not healthy.

當然沒有，

Have you ever seen a chicken at the bottom of the ocean?

如果你只餵大豆給鮭魚吃，

Of course not.

它會直接爆炸。

If you feed salmon soy with nothing else,

因為鮭魚是肉食性動物，

it literally explodes.

他沒有辦法消化大豆。

Salmon is a carnivore,

目前為止，魚類養殖是人類

it has no way to digest soy.

最佳的動物養殖方式。

Now, fish farming is by far

但是聲譽欠佳，

the best animal farming available to humankind.

過量使用化學品，

But it's had a really bad reputation.

已經把病毒和疾病傳染給野生的動種、

There's been excessive use of chemicals,

做成生態破壞和污染，

there's been virus and disease transfered to wild populations,

逃避使用野生物種進行餵食

ecosystem destruction and pollution,

改變了整體的基因庫、

escaped fish breeding with wild populations,

然後，當然，如剛剛提的，

altering the overall genetic pool,

不穩定的餵食成分。