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I want to introduce you to my badass friends.
譯者: Lilian Chiu 審譯者: Riky Liang
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Meet Thelma and Louise.
我想跟各位介紹我狠角色朋友。
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(Laughter)
見見塞爾瑪跟路易絲。 (註:《末路狂花》的主角)
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I'm passionate about cows.
(笑聲)
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And although they've been getting a lot of crap lately
我對牛充滿熱情。
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due to methane emissions and climate change,
雖然牠們近期遇到許多鳥事,
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I hope that I can redeem their reputation in part
因為甲烷排放以及氣候變遷,
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by showing you how incredibly important they are
我希望我能挽救牠們部分的名聲,
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in solving one of the world's biggest problems: food security.
讓各位了解牠們是多麼重要,
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But more importantly, for Africa --
能協助解決世界上最大的 問題之一:食物保障。
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it's resultant childhood stunting.
但,更重要的,對非洲而言,
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Nutritional stunting manifests itself
缺乏食物造成兒時發育遲緩。
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in a reduction of growth rate in human development.
營養造成的發展遲緩呈現的方式
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And according to UNICEF,
是人類發展的成長率下降。
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stunting doesn't come easy.
根據聯合國兒童基金會,
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It doesn't come quickly.
發育遲緩不容易發生。
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It happens over a long period of time
發育遲緩不會很快發生。
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during which a child endures painful and debilitating cycles of illness,
它橫跨很長的一段時間,
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depressed appetite,
在這期間孩子要忍受 痛苦和虛弱的疾病循環、
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insufficient nutrition
胃口不好、
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and inadequate care.
營養不良,
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And most kids simply can't endure such rigors.
以及不當的照護。
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But those that do survive,
大部分的孩子實在 無法忍受這樣的艱苦。
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they carry forward long-term cognitive problems
但,存活下來的孩子,
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as well as losses of stature.
他們會帶著長期的認知問題,
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The numbers of stunted children under the age of five,
伴隨著身體發育不良。
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in most regions of the world,
五歲以下發展遲緩的孩子數目,
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has been declining.
在世界大部分的區域,
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And I really hate to say this,
都在下降中。
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but the only place where they haven't been declining is here,
我很不想這麼說,
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in Africa.
但,唯一人數沒有 下降的地方,就是這裡,
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Here, 59 million children,
非洲。
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three in 10 in that age group,
在這裡,5900 萬孩童,
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struggle to meet their genetic potential --
在那個年齡層中,十個就有三個,
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their full genetic potential.
要非常努力才能達到 他們基因上的潛能,
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Protein is one of our most important dietary requirements,
他們完整的潛能。
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and evidence shows that lack of essential amino acids,
蛋白質是我們最重要的 飲食需求之一,
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the building blocks of proteins, in young children's diets,
有證據顯示,若孩童的飲食
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can result in stunting.
缺乏必要的氨基酸, 即蛋白質的基礎成份,
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Essential amino acids are called essential
就可能造成發展遲緩。
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because we can't synthesize them in our bodies.
必要的氨基酸之所以必要,
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We have to get them from our foods
是因為我們自體無法合成它們。
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and the best sources are animal-derived:
我們得要從食物中攝取,
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milk, meat and eggs.
而最好的來源是動物源食品:
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Most protein consumed on the African continent is crop-based.
牛奶、肉、蛋。
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And although we have millions of smallholder farmers rearing animals,
在非洲大陸,大部分被吃下的 蛋白質都是以作物為基礎的。
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livestock production is not as easy as we think.
雖然我們有數百萬名 小佃農在飼養動物,
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The big livestock gaps between rich countries and poor countries
家畜生產沒有我們想的那麼容易。
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are due to poor animal health.
富國和窮國之間有很大的家畜落差,
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Endemic livestock diseases,
原因是動物的健康很差。
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some of them transmissible to humans,
地方性的家畜疾病,
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threaten not only livestock producers in those poor countries,
有些可以傳染給人類,
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but all human health across all countries.
這些疾病威脅的不只是 窮國的家畜生產者,
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This is a global pathogens network.
還包括所有國家所有人類的健康。
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It shows the pathogens found across the world
這是全球的病原體網路。
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according to the Enhanced Infectious Diseases database.
它顯示在全世界發現的病原體,
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And it shows those pathogens that share hosts.
資料來自強化傳染病資料庫。
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In a nutshell,
它能顯示出有共同宿主的病原體。
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we share pathogens, and thus diseases,
在一個小封閉空間中,
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with the species we live closest to:
我們共享病原體 進而共享疾病的對象,
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our livestock.
就是和我們居住地相近的物種:
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And we call these zoonotic diseases.
我們的家畜。
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Recent reports show
我們稱之為人畜共通病。
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that the deadly dozen zoonotic diseases kill 2.2 million people
近期的報告指出,
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and sicken 2.4 billion people annually.
十多種致命的人畜共通病, 每年會奪走 220 萬條人命,
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And Jimmy says,
並讓 24 億人生病。
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"The greatest burden of zoonoses
吉米說:
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falls on one billion poor livestock keepers."
「人畜共通病最沉重的擔子,
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We totally underestimate the importance of our smallholder farmers.
落在十億貧窮的家畜飼養者肩上。」
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We're beginning to recognize how important they are
我們完全低估了小佃農的重要性。
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and how they influence our medical health,
我們開始認可他們的重要性,
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our biosafety
以及他們如何影響我們的醫療健康、
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and more recently, our cognitive and our physical health.
我們的生物安全性,
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They stand at the frontline of zoonotic epidemics.
以及更近期的, 我們的認知與身體健康。
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They pretty much underpin our existence.
他們站在人畜共通病 流行傳播的前線。
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And they need to know so much,
他們可說是支撐著我們的生存。
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yet most lack knowledge
他們需要知道很多知識,
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on livestock disease prevention and treatment.
卻又最缺乏那些知識,
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So how do they learn?
關於家畜疾病預防和治療的知識。
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Apart from shared experiences,
所以,他們要如何學習?
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trial and error,
除了分享共同的經驗
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conventional farming extension services are boots on the ground and radio --
和反覆試驗外,
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expensive and hard to scale in the face of population growth.
傳統農業的發展依靠人力和電台,
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Sounds pretty gloomy, doesn't it?
在人口增長的情況下 既昂貴又難以普及。
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But we're at an interesting point in Africa.
聽起來挺沮喪的,是嗎?
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We're changing that narrative using innovative solutions,
但,現在的非洲 有個契機。
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riding across scalable technologies.
我們可以用創新的解決方案 來改變現狀,
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Knowledge doesn't have to be expensive.
橫跨可擴充的技術。
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My company developed an agricultural platform called iCow.
知識不見得要很昂貴。
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We teach farmers best livestock practices using SMS
我的公司發展出了一個 農業平台 iCow(i 乳牛)。
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over simple, low-end phones.
通過傳簡訊,用簡單 易操作的手機教授農民們
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Farmers receive three SMSs a week on best livestock practices,
最好的牲畜養殖方法。
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and those that execute the messages go on to see increases in productivity
農場主每周會收到三則簡訊, 內容就是最好的家畜實做方式,
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within as short a time as three months.
照著訊息去做的人,會在三個月的
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The first increases in productivity, of course, are improved animal health.
短時間內看到生產力增加。
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We use SMS because it is retentive.
當然,要增加生產力, 第一件事是改善動物健康。
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Farmers store their messages,
我們用簡訊是因為它可以保存。
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they write them down in books,
農場主會把訊息存起來,
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and in effect,
他們會寫在筆記上,
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we're drip-feeding agricultural manuals into the fields.
實際上,
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We recognize that we are all part of the global food network:
我們是把農業手冊的內容 注入到田野實做中。
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producers and consumers,
我們了解到,我們都是 全球食物網路的一部分:
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you and me, and every farmer.
生產者與消費者,
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We're focusing now on trying to bring together producers and consumers
你、我,和每一個農場主。
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to take action and take responsibility for not only food security,
現在,我們的重點在試圖將 生產者與消費者結合起來,
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but for food safety.
以採取行動和負起責任, 不單單是為了食物保障,
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This beautiful animal is an African-Asian Sahiwal crossed with a Dutch Fleckvieh.
也為了食物安全。
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She's milkier than her Sahiwal mom,
這隻美麗的動物是非亞的 沙希華牛與荷蘭的西門特牛混種。
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and she's sturdier and more resistant to disease than her Fleckvieh father.
她比她的沙希華母親更能產乳,
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In Ethiopia and Tanzania,
比她的西門特父親 更強健更能抵抗疾病。
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the African Dairy Genetic Gains program is using SMS and cutting-edge genomics
在衣索比亞和坦尚尼亞,
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and pioneering Africa's first tropically adapted dairy breeding centers
「非洲乳牛遺傳增益」 (ADGG)計畫
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and dairy performance recording centers.
使用簡訊和最先進的 染色體雜交品種,
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Farmers contribute their production data --
開拓非洲第一批能適應 熱帶的乳牛繁殖中心,
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milking records,
以及乳牛表現記錄中心。
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breeding records and feeding records --
農場主會貢獻他們的生產資料──
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to the ADGG platform.
擠奶記錄、
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This stage is synthesized through algorithms
繁殖記錄,以及餵食記錄──
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from some of the top livestock institutions in the world
提供給 ADGG 平台。
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before it lands back in the farmers' hands
在這個階段,會用世界頂尖
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in actionable SMSs.
家畜機構提供的演算法把資料整合,
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Customized data,
轉為可以實行的簡訊,
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customized responses
送回到農場主手上。
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all aimed at increasing productivity
客製化的資料,
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based on the potential on the ground.
客製化的回應,
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We're at a very interesting place in agriculture in Africa.
目標都是要根據一般潛能
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By the end of this year,
來增加生產力。
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we'll have almost one billion mobile phone subscriptions.
我們正處在非洲農業 一個很有意思的地方。
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We have the power in our hands
今年年底,
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to ensure that livestock production systems are not only healthy,
我們將會有接近十億筆的 行動電話訂閱。
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productive and profitable,
我們手中就握有力量,
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but that farmers are knowledgeable,
能夠確保家畜生產體制不僅健康、
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and more importantly,
有生產力、能獲利,
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that our farmers are safe.
而且農場主也有相關知識;
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Working with smallholder farmers
更重要的是,
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is one of the best ways to guarantee food security.
我們的農場主是安全的。
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Working with smallholder farmers is one of the best ways
和小佃農合作,
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to guarantee each and every child their full opportunity
是確保食物安全的最佳方式之一。
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and ability to reach their full genetic potential.
和小佃農合作,也是個極佳的方式,
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And harnessing the power of millions of smallholder farmers
能保障每一個孩童 都有完整的機會與能力,
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and their badass cows like mine,
來發揮他們的遺傳的潛力。
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we should be able to bring a halt to stunting in Africa.
利用數百萬名小佃農的力量
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Thank you.
以及他們那些狠角色牛隻, 就像我的一樣,
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(Applause)
我們應該能夠終止非洲的發展遲緩。
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Thank you.
謝謝。