字幕列表 影片播放
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“No Fap” - the name for the practice of giving up pornography and self stimulation
戒色戒己
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as a means for self improvement.
作為自我改進的手段。
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Easily the most frequently requested topic on this channel, so here it is.
很容易成為最常見的話題 在這個頻道,所以在這裡。
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Before we start I want to clarify that masturbation by itself or even pictures of naked people
在我們開始之前,我想先說明一下,自慰 裸體
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are not necessarily a problem.
不一定是問題。
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This discussion is about the brain changes made by high speed internet porn - a recent
這個討論是關於大腦的變化 由高速網絡色情--最近的一個
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phenomenon that didn't exist until around 20 years ago.
現象,大約要到 20年前
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Naturally, any discussion about porn is going to start with a bit of cell biology.
自然,任何關於色情的討論都會 要從一點細胞生物學開始。
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We are made up of two types of cells, the germ cells and the somatic cells.
我們是由兩種類型的細胞組成,分別是 生殖細胞和體細胞。
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The germ cells' job is to hold and spread genetic material.
生殖細胞的工作是保持和傳播。 遺傳物質。
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The somatic cells' role is essentially to protect the germ cells and make sure they
體細胞的作用主要是為了 保護生殖細胞,確保它們
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are able to do their job.
能夠勝任自己的工作。
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What you consider to be yourself, your body, is the soma.
你認為的自己,你的身體。 是索瑪。
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What nature wants the soma to do is to live long enough to allow the germ cells to pass
自然界要讓索瑪做的是活下來。 足夠長的時間,使生殖細胞能夠通過
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the genetic material off to a new soma.
遺傳物質關閉到一個新的索瑪。
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Whatever DNA resides in your body arrived there thanks to the perpetual relay race a
不管你身體裡的DNA是什麼 在那裡,由於永遠的接力賽a
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countless number of somas took part in before you or your ancestors came into existence.
無數的索瑪人曾參與過。 你或你的祖先出現了。
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Nature's expectation for you is to pass the baton to what will be the next soma carrying
大自然對你的期望是通過。 接力棒給下一個攜帶索瑪的人
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the precious genetic material.
珍貴的遺傳物質。
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The point of this is to highlight just how high on the priorities list sexual reproduction
這一點是為了強調 性生殖問題的優先事項清單
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is going to be for living things.
是要為活物。
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Take for example the small, mouse-like creature called an antechinus.
比如說小老鼠一樣的小動物 稱為蟻穴。
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The males have very short lifespans, because at a certain point they will have finished
雄性的壽命很短,因為... 屆時他們將完成
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making all the sperm that they can and lose the ability to make anymore.
使所有的精子,他們可以和失去。 的能力,再使。
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When they reach this point, they will aggressively mate with as many females as they can.
當他們到達這個點時,他們會積極地 與儘可能多的女性交配,他們可以。
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Tirelessly having sex hours for on end to the point that their fur falls off, they bleed
孜孜不倦地做著性愛小時數,以達到 毛髮脫落,血流成河
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internally and their immune system fails, leaving them riddled with gangrene.
內部,其免疫系統失效。 讓他們滿身壞疽。
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And they will then continue to have sex, until they die.
然後,他們會繼續做愛,直到。 他們死了。
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Luckily, us humans naturally do not lose the ability to produce sperm and we are very keen
幸運的是,我們人類自然不會丟掉。 生產精子的能力,我們非常熱衷於。
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on staying alive.
在活著的時候。
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We have a very strong imperative to protect ourselves, to feed ourselves, to survive - and
我們非常有必要保護 我們自己,養活自己,生存----------------------------------------------------。
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many mechanisms are set in place to motivate us to do so.
建立了許多機制來激勵 我們要這樣做。
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In particular, the brain has within it the all powerful dopamine system.
特別是,大腦內部有 所有強大的多巴胺系統。
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It's there to motivate you to do the things that would help you survive.
它的存在是為了激勵你去做事情 這將幫助你生存。
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And of course reproduction is the other very strong imperative.
當然,繁殖是另一個很 強烈要求。
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Maybe unsurprisingly, the dopamine system seems to be much more reactive to chances
也許不足為奇,多巴胺系統。 似乎對機會的反應更快。
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for reproduction.
供轉載。
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Comparing a 1999 study from the University of Cagliari to a 1997 Study from the University
比較1999年大學的一項研究 卡利亞里大學1997年的一項研究。
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of British Colombia, we can see that the dopamine output from sex is about twice as strong as
英屬哥倫比亞省的,我們可以看到,多巴胺 性的輸出大約是兩倍。
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what you get from food.
你從食物中得到什麼。
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If we go all the way back to the Paleolithic era when the hardware for the human dopamine
如果我們一直追溯到舊石器時代的話 的時代,人類多巴胺的硬件。
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system - the brain was being developed , these reproductive opportunities didn't come very
系統--大腦正在開發,這些 生育機會不多
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often.
經常。
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As James McClellan says in his book "Science and Technology in World History," "Over the
正如詹姆斯-麥克萊倫在他的《科學》一書中所說的那樣 和技術在世界歷史上的地位"、"在。
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entire 2 million years of the Paleolithic, beginning with the first species of Homo,
整個舊石器時代的200萬年。 從第一個物種智人開始。
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population density remained astonishingly low, perhaps no more than one person per square
人口密度依然驚人 低,可能每平方不超過一個人。
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mile..."
裡..."
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Potential reproductive opportunities would have been very limited simply by the fact
潛在的生育機會將 的限制,只是因為
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that there weren't that many people to reproduce with.
沒有那麼多的人去繁殖。 與:
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So, the brain developed certain strategies to maximize reproduction.
所以,大腦制定了一定的策略 以達到最大限度的繁殖。
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For example, an animal will reach a sort of sexual satiation after having sex multiple
例如,動物會達到一種。 多次性生活後的性滿足
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times with the same mate.
次與同一個伴侶。
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And, you will see a decline in dopamine that matches the waning motivation.
而且,你會看到多巴胺的下降, 符合動力的減弱。
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However, if you introduce a totally new partner, then the dopamine and the motivation to have
但是,如果你介紹一個全新的合作伙伴。 然後,多巴胺和動機有
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sex will shoot back up- this is a great strategy, it would maximize the total potential babies.
性會拍回來--這是一個很好的策略。 它將最大限度地利用總的潛在嬰兒。
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This is known as the coolidge effect.
這就是所謂的柯立芝效應。
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"As you can see from this Australian experiment, subjects watched 22 porn displays.
"從澳洲的這個實驗中可以看出。 受試者觀看了22個色情展示。
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See that spike?
看到那個尖峰了嗎?
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That's where researchers switched to porn the guys hadn't seen before.
這就是研究人員轉而研究色情片的原因 大夥兒都沒見過。
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The result?
結果呢?
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Subjects' brains and boners sprang to attention again.
受試者的大腦和骨碌碌地冒出了頭來 再次。
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It's not mere nudity, but novelty that sends arousal skyrocketing."
這不是單純的裸體,而是新奇的發送。 性慾暴漲"。
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And herein lies the appeal of high speed internet porn.
而高速網絡的魅力就在於此。 黃片。
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It takes advantage of this programming by giving you instant access to a virtually limitless
它通過以下方式利用這種編程方式 讓您即時訪問幾乎無限的
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supply of new mates engaging in whatever novel position or fetish you like.
新伴侶的供應,從事任何新奇的 你喜歡的姿勢或癖好。
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Nowadays, in 30 minutes, you can see more members of the opposite sex erotically displaying
如今,在30分鐘內,你可以看到更多。 異性相吸
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themselves than the total number of humans our ancestors could see in their lifetime.
他們自己比人類總數 我們的祖先在有生之年能夠看到。
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Not to mention the number of those humans they'd actually get the chance to have sex
更不用說那些人類的數量 他們真的有機會做愛了
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with is much lower.
與是低得多。
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In this way, novelty packed internet porn takes advantage of your brain's programming
這樣一來,新奇包裝的網絡色情 利用你的大腦編程的優勢
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to keep your attention for hours on end.
讓你的注意力持續數小時。
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The wasted time is unfortunate, but the real problem is how each porn viewing session changes
浪費的時間是不幸的,但真正。 問題是每次看黃片的過程如何改變
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and molds your brain.
並塑造你的大腦。
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I think most people are familiar with the fact that the brain is plastic - it can change
我想大多數人對 事實上,大腦是可塑的--它可以改變。
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based on your environment and your behaviors.
根據你的環境和你的行為。
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But it's not often apparent how powerful this plasticity is.
但是,人們並不經常意識到它有多強大 這種可塑性是。
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In Norman Doidge's book “The Brain that changes itself” he describes how In certain
在諾曼-多裡奇的《大腦》一書中。 改變自己 "他描述了在某些
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stroke patients who lost function in their limbs, doctors thought recovery was impossible.
喪失功能的中風患者 四肢,醫生認為不可能恢復。
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If a muscle atrophied surely you could re-strengthen it, but since the stroke knocked out the portion
如果肌肉萎縮了,你肯定能重新增強力量。 但由於中風打掉的部分
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of the brain controlling that limb, surely nothing could be done.
控制該肢體的大腦,肯定 無可奈何。
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A new strategy was put into play.
一個新的戰略被付諸實施。
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By doing things like putting a patient's good hand in an oven mitt and taping it up
通過做一些事情,比如把病人的 好手在烤箱手套和錄音帶起來
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with duct tape, patients had no choice but to attempt to use the dysfunctional limb.
用膠帶粘貼,患者別無選擇,只能用膠帶粘貼。 來嘗試使用功能障礙的肢體。
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After much frustrating practice, their brains started to change in response to this behavior.
經過一番挫折性的實踐,他們的腦子裡的 針對這種行為開始改變。
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The brain reconfigured itself to map different areas of the brain to the task of controlling
大腦重新配置自己的地圖,以不同的 大腦的各個區域,以控制
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that limb.
該肢體。
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This would be like being able to use the fingerprint scanner to control one portion of your smartphone's
這就像能夠使用指紋一樣 掃描儀來控制智能手機的一部分。
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screen after you cracked it.
屏後,你破解了它。
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This remapping of the brain produced remarkable recoveries of function in the stroke patients'
這種對大腦的重新規劃產生了顯著的 中風患者的功能恢復情況
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dysfunctional limbs.
肢體功能障礙;
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Before, this type of recovery was thought to be impossible.
以前,這種恢復方式被認為 是不可能的。
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Over many other incredible examples throughout the book, Norman Doidge demonstrates how the
在許多其他不可思議的例子中 在書中,諾曼-杜裡奇展示瞭如何。
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brain can adapt itself to actually “get better” at almost anything, positive or
大腦可以適應自己真正 "得到 勝過 "幾乎所有的事情,無論是正面的還是
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negative, by actually changing its physical structure.
負,通過實際改變其物理 結構。
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The phrase “the medium is the message” - coined by Marshall McLuhan, highlights the
"媒介即資訊 "這句話。 - 由Marshall McLuhan創造的,強調的是 "我 "與 "我 "的關係。
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problem with internet pornography.
網絡色情的問題。
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The point of this phrase is that the way some content or “message” gets into your brain
這句話的意思是,有些人的方式是。 內容或 "資訊 "進入你的大腦
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is just as important, if not more important, as the message itself.
是同樣重要的,如果不是更重要的話。 作為資訊本身。
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In our case, without the medium- high speed internet, the message- sexual content, would
在我們的案例中,如果沒有中高速。 互聯網,資訊--性內容,會。
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have far less power to instigate negative changes in the brain.
煽動負面情緒的力量要小得多。 大腦的變化。
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Since the medium is so important, let's first look first at how just the internet
既然媒介如此重要,那我們就來看看 首先先看看僅僅是互聯網如何
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itself can be addicting - even if you're looking at totally safe for work content.
本身就可以讓人上癮--即使你是 看著完全安全的工作內容。
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The previously mentioned neurotransmitter dopamine is the door to addiction.
前面提到的神經遞質 多巴胺是通往毒癮的大門。
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You can open that door with substances or behaviors . It's not often clarified, but
你可以用物質來打開這扇門,或者 行為。它不經常被澄清,但
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dopamine isn't the pleasure molecule, it's the molecule that controls wanting - the seeking
多巴胺不是快樂分子,它是 控制慾望的分子-------------------------------尋找
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of pleasure.
的樂趣。
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Dopamine is released when you get a new or unexpected reward, at first its purpose is
多巴胺是在你得到一個新的或。 意外之報,起初其目的是
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to make you learn what behavior got you that reward.
讓你學習什麼行為讓你 獎勵。
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After that step is done, dopamine is released when you recognize that you are in a situation
做完這一步,多巴胺就會被釋放出來 當你意識到自己的處境
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where that particular behavior can get you a reward.
在那裡,這種特殊的行為會讓你 獎勵。
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Now, the purpose of this dopamine is to now motivate you to do the behavior.
現在,這個多巴胺的目的是現在。 激勵你去做這個行為。
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This is how drugs take advantage of the dopamine system.
這就是藥物利用多巴胺的方式 體系。
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All drugs of addiction provide a massive dopamine release - so your brain thinks you just received
所有的成癮藥物都能提供大量的多巴胺。 釋放 - 所以你的大腦認為你剛剛收到
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the best unexpected reward ever.
最好的意外獎勵
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So everything that led up to getting that substance is strongly written into memory.
所以,一切導致了得到那個 物質被強烈地寫進了記憶。
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This is how addicts develop strong triggers - they might see an alleyway where they bought
這就是癮君子如何形成強烈的觸發器 - 他們可能會看到一個巷子,他們在那裡買了。
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some narcotic in the past and their brain will surge them with dopamine that says “Hurry
在過去的一些麻醉劑和他們的大腦。 會給他們帶來 "快點 "的多巴胺。
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up and do the behavior necessary to get that substance!”
並做必要的行為,以獲得 實物!"
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In the same way your nose can get used to a bad smell if you hang around it long enough,
同樣,你的鼻子也會習慣於 一股難聞的氣味,如果你在它周圍停留的時間足夠長。
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the brain can get used to high levels of dopamine.
大腦可以習慣高水平的多巴胺。
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When the brain is frequently exposed to elevated dopamine, the dopamine receptors decrease
當大腦經常暴露在升高的 多巴胺,多巴胺受體減少。
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- they downregulate.
- 他們下調。
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And then, more dopamine is necessary to create motivation.
然後,更多的多巴胺是必要的,以創建 激勵。
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Dopamine receptor downregulation is a universal symptom of addiction.
多巴胺受體下調是一種普遍的 癮的症狀。
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So, the drug user loses interest in everyday activities because they don't provide near
所以,吸毒者會對日常的生活失去興趣。 活動,因為它們不提供近乎
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as much dopamine as the drug so they're not motivated to do that activity.
儘可能多的多巴胺的藥物,所以他們是 沒有動力去做這項活動。
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The brain comes to favor the thing with the highest dopamine payout and the wanting for
大腦來偏愛的東西與 最高的多巴胺報酬和想要的。
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the substance gets stronger and stronger.
物質變得越來越強。
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And, Behavioral addictions cause this same dopamine receptor downregulation as seen in
而且,行為成癮也會造成這種情況。 多巴胺受體下調,見於
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substance addictions.
藥物成癮;
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The internet's addictive power comes from the fact that it is a novelty machine.
網絡的上癮性來自於 的事實,它是一個新奇的機器。
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Novelty is something dopamine is particularly reactive to.
新穎的東西是多巴胺特別是 反應到:
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New information is interpreted by your brain as a reward, and this reward comes for very
新的資訊由你的大腦來解釋 作為獎勵,而這種獎勵是以很
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little behavior.
小行為。
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You can get a new picture for a swipe on imgur, fresh links for a click on reddit, and new
你可以在imgur上刷新圖片。 在reddit上點擊的新鮮鏈接,以及新的。
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tweets for a scroll on twitter.
微博上滾動的微博。
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Very quickly your brain learns that, when you're holding a smart phone, you can perform
你的大腦很快就知道,當 你拿著一部智能手機,你可以進行。
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a very simple behavior - a swipe of the thumb, to get new information.
一個很簡單的行為--拇指的滑動。 以獲得新的資訊。
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So, seeing your smartphone triggers a small rise in dopamine, which motivates you to swipe,
所以,看到你的智能手機就會觸發一個小小的 上升的多巴胺,促使你去刷卡。
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and you get a reward - a new picture.
你會得到一個獎勵--一張新的照片。
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But the chance to be rewarded with a new piece of information reappears as fast as your internet
但有機會獲得新作品的獎勵。 資訊出現的速度和你的網絡一樣快
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can load the page.
可以加載頁面。
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Your brain understands that now, there's another chance for reward, so your dopamine
你的大腦明白,現在,有。 另一個獎勵的機會,所以你的多巴胺。
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rises again and the cycle repeats.
再次上升,循環往復。
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This never ending novelty keeps your dopamine levels elevated, which leads to your dopamine
這種永無止境的新奇感讓你的多巴胺 水準升高,這導致你的多巴胺。
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receptors downregulating and the other symptoms of addiction come with it.
受體下調和其他症狀。 的癮頭也隨之而來。
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It might be hard to see how say twitter could cause a surge in dopamine like heroin - well,
這可能很難看到說twitter如何能 導致多巴胺激增 像海洛因 - 好。
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it doesn't.
它沒有。
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It's the frequency of the dopamine rise that's important here.
這是多巴胺上升的頻率。 這是重要的在這裡。
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A quick thumb swipe is all you need to reinforce to your brain that using the internet is a
拇指輕輕一揮,就能強化你的能力。 在你的大腦中,使用互聯網是一個
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valuable, important experience.
寶貴的、重要的經驗。
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David Linden points out in his book “The Compass of Pleasure” that Cigarettes hook
戴維-林登在其書中指出。 歡樂的羅盤",香菸的鉤子
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80% of those who try them, but heroin actually only hooks a small minority of the users.
80%的人都嘗試過,但海洛因實際上是 只勾住了一小部分用戶。
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The cigarettes don't provide near as much dopamine per puff compared to shooting heroin,
香菸沒有提供那麼多的 與射殺海洛因相比,每吸一口多巴胺。
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but with frequent multiple puffs and therefore multiple rises in dopamine, cigarette smokers
但頻繁地多次吸氣,是以 多巴胺上升,吸菸者
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can very frequently train the brain that smoking is a very important experience.
可以非常頻繁地訓練大腦,吸菸 是一個非常重要的經驗。
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Now, take this already addictive nature of the internet and combine it with the fact
現在,把這個已經讓人上癮的 互聯網,並結合事實
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that our brains' most ancient programming wants us to be super motivated by anything
我們大腦中最古老的程序 希望我們對任何事情都有超強的動力
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sexual, and you start to see how internet porn has such high potential for negative
性,你就會開始看到互聯網如何 色情片有如此高的潛在負面
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molding of the brain.
腦的成型。
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"We predicted that based on the way sex causes these reward chemicals in the brain to be
"我們預測,根據性導致的方式 大腦中的這些獎賞化學物質
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produced, that we would see some of the brain scan findings that we find with drugs…
我們會看到一些腦部疾病的發生 掃描發現,我們發現藥物... ...
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...And the latest research seems to be proving him right"
...而最新的研究似乎證明了 他的權利"
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Gary Wilson, author of the very thorough book “Your Brain on Porn” and host of the website
加里-威爾遜,非常詳盡的一本書的作者 "你的大腦對色情 "和網站的主持人。
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yourbrainonporn.com, points out that studies on internet porn all show that the users experience
yourbrainonporn.com,指出,研究。 在互聯網上的色情都顯示,用戶體驗
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the same brain changes as those suffering from substance addiction: Sensitization to
與那些患有同樣的大腦變化 藥物成癮。敏感度:
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porn, desensitization for other things, and hypo-frontality - less activation in the prefrontal
色情片,對其他事物的脫敏,以及。 低額性--前額葉的激活較少。
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cortex - the area of the brain responsible for self control starts to shut down.
皮層 為自我控制開始關閉。
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This means your reward circuit gets more responsive and excited about porn, less excited about
這意味著你的獎賞迴路變得更加靈敏 和興奮的色情,少興奮的
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everyday life, and it gets harder and harder to control yourself.
日常生活,而且越來越難 來控制自己。
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Now you might be wondering how much is too much, how many high speed porn sessions can
現在,你可能想知道多少是太 多,多少次高速色情會議可以
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you have before your brain develops these negative changes.
在你的大腦發育之前,你有這些 負面的變化。
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But that's not how it works.
但不是這樣的。
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The changes appear on a spectrum.
變化出現在一個光譜上。
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That is, you can use internet porn a little bit and have a little bit of these brain changes
就是說,你可以利用網絡色情一點點 位,並有一點點這些大腦的變化。
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or you can use it a lot and the changes will be much worse.
或者你可以經常使用它,而變化會 糟糕得多。
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A study from Korea University showed that in healthy young adults, marked sensitization
韓國大學的一項研究表明 在健康的年輕成年人中,有明顯的過敏現象
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to video games developed in as little as 5 days.
到視頻遊戲開發的時間僅有5 天。
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The gamers weren't technically addicted, but they found that their cravings to play
遊戲玩家並沒有技術上的沉迷。 但他們發現,他們對遊戲的渴望。
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actually aligned with an observable elevation in brain activity.
對準 在大腦活動中。
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As for Internet porn itself, a study at Germany's Max Planck Institute found that men who were
至於網絡色情本身,德國的一項研究。 馬克斯-普朗克研究所發現,男性如果
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not classified as having an addition showed addiction-related brain changes.
未被歸類為添加物的國家 與成癮有關的大腦變化。
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More hours per week of internet porn viewing correlated with a reduction in grey matter
每週觀看網絡色情片的時間增加 與灰質減少相關
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in areas of the brain involved in motivation and decision-making.
在大腦中涉及動機的區域 和決策。
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The nerve connections between the reward circuit and prefrontal cortex worsened in sync with
獎勵迴路之間的神經連接 和前額葉皮層同步惡化。
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increased porn watching.
增加了看黃片的次數。
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Remember, the prefrontal cortex is the driver of self control.
記住,前額葉皮層是驅動力。 的自我控制。
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This is the hypofrontality we talked about before, showing the connection between internet
這就是我們說過的超前性。 前,顯示了互聯網與
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porn use and impaired self control.
色情使用和自我控制能力受損。
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Gary Wilson points out that there are hundreds of studies showing the addiction like brain
加里-威爾遜指出,有數百個 的研究表明,上癮一樣的大腦
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changes that come from using the internet in a way that over-engages the dopamine system.
互聯網帶來的變化 以過度刺激多巴胺系統的方式。
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As of 2015 there were only 4 studies he found that looked specifically at internet pornography.
截至2015年,他發現的研究只有4項 專門針對網絡色情的。
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But, they all showed the same negative brain changes we just discussed.
但是,他們都表現出同樣的負面大腦 我們剛才討論的變化。
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And they also found: -60% of compulsive porn users had Erectile
他們還發現: -60%的色情強迫症患者都有勃起問題
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Dysfunction or low libido.
功能障礙或性慾低下。
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-Very high cue-induced reactivity in the reward center - Meaning something like seeing a bikini
-獎賞中提示誘導的反應性非常高。 中心--意思是像看到比基尼一樣的東西
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model while reading the news could set off strong cravings to look at internet porn
在閱讀新聞時,模型可能會引發 強烈渴望看網絡色情
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-The users reported greater wanting and craving, but lessened enjoyment of the experience of
-用戶報告說,他們的需求和渴望更大。 但減少了對體驗的享受
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looking at porn.
看色情片。
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This is a key pattern seen in addiction to drugs.
這是一個關鍵的模式,見於成癮的。 藥品;
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Other symptoms based on Gary's research and user's personal reports include:
基於Gary研究的其他症狀 和用戶的個人報告包括:
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-Difficulty maintaining an erection for a real partner, but no problems getting it up
-勃起困難,難以維持一段時間。 真正的合作伙伴,但沒有任何問題,得到它
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for porn.
為色情。
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-Uncharacteristic, worsening social anxiety or lack of confidence
-不典型的、不斷惡化的社交焦慮; 或缺乏信心
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-Inability to concentrate and extreme restlessness -Depression, anxiety and brain fog
-無法集中精力,極度不安。 -抑鬱症、焦慮和腦霧。
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Several men have participated in a “reboot” - the act of giving up internet porn to allow
幾名男子參與 "重啟" - 戒網癮的行為
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their brains to reverse these negative changes.
他們的大腦來扭轉這些負面變化。
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This rebooting process is the point of “nofap” Many of these men report impressive boosts
這個重啟的過程就是 "nofap "的意義所在 其中許多人報告說,他們的業績有了令人印象深刻的提升
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in confidence, reversal of anxiety and enhanced concentration.
信心,扭轉焦慮情緒,增強自信。 濃度。
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Some men diagnosed with ADHD found that their symptoms drastically improved to the point
一些被診斷為多動症的男性發現,他們的 症狀大為改觀
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that they stopped relying on medication.
他們不再依賴藥物治療。
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Gary says: “There's good reason to believe these symptoms
加里說。 "我們有充分的理由相信這些症狀
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can often arise from addiction-related brain changes, as the reward circuit contains structures
常常會出現與成癮有關的腦 變化,因為獎勵迴路包含的結構
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that influence emotions, moods, cognitive function, stress response, the autonomic nervous
影響情緒、心情、認知的。 功能、應激反應、自主神經
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system, and the endocrine system.
系統,以及內分泌系統。
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For example, many of the complaints such as social anxiety, depression, low motivation,
例如,許多投訴,如 社交焦慮、抑鬱、動機不足。
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ED, and concentration problems, have been linked to low dopamine and low or altered
ED,和注意力問題,已經 與低多巴胺和低或改變的多巴胺有關。
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dopamine D2 receptors.”
多巴胺D2受體。"