Hi. James from engVid.

嗨，我是詹姆士

I've often said that learning language,

我常說學習一種語言

a foreign language is great. In this case, you're learning English, so congratulations.

一種外國語言是很棒的事。今天我們談的是學習英語，你願意學習是值得慶賀的

But a lot of students, they learn the language, and they kind of forget about the culture,

許多學生在學習一種語言的時候，好像忘記這個語言背後的文化

like it doesn't really matter. Being an English speaker, I was born in England, and the culture

認為和學習語言無關。英語是我的母語，我出生在英國，英國和

from England is very different from the culture from Canada, even though they are closely

和加拿大的文化有著很大的不同，雖然兩國關係是那麼密切

related. So if you can imagine the cultural difference between someone from, say, China

如果你想像想兩國間的文化差異，譬如中國

and Canada, that would be fantastically different.

和加拿大，你就知道有如天差地別了

Well, as they say, as much as we're different, we're the same. But in this case, I want to

不過就如大家說的，我們雖然有這麼多不同之處，但都同是地球人。今天這堂課

do a lesson on eight differences in culture

我要講有關文化的八大差異

that if you're learning the language, which would be important.

這對於你在語言學習上是很重要的

Now, what I've done is shown the difference between the East and the West,

今天要告訴你東西文化的差異

because frankly, you may be from the Middle East or Asia,

也許你來自中東或亞洲

and you want to do business with Canadians or Americans or British people,

你想和加拿大人、美國人或英國人做生意

and you should see what we think are important.

那麼瞭解我們的想法就很重要

And as well, this helps out English-speaking people about how we should communicate with

相同的，這也有助於英語為母語的人士在英語教學上知道如何

you when we're trying to teach you English. You like that? Let's go to the board.

和你們溝通。喜歡嗎？那我們就開始吧

We have Mr. E, here. He wants to eat his... Let's see. What should he eat? I'm going to

這是E先生，他想吃點東西，讓我想想看，他該吃什麼？我建議他

suggest that he has a pizza, because that's easy to draw, and anybody who knows me knows

吃點披薩，因為披薩最容易畫，只要認識我的人都知道

I'm a terrible drawer.

我一點繪畫天份都沒有

There you go.

畫好了

Doo-doo-doo-doo-doo. He's having a piz-... Pepperoni pizza.

他正在吃披薩，義大利香腸披薩

What would you suggest he eat with? A knife or a fork, or chopsticks?

你會建議他用什麼來吃？刀子、叉子還是筷子？

Well, it seems obvious:

很簡單

Use your hands. See, when you understand, you can manipulate or use things to your advantage.

用手抓不就得了。明白嗎，當你瞭解一件事，你就可以運用對你最有利的方式去完成它

Let's go to the board.

我們就開始吧

We'll start out with the West, which is where we are. All right? In the West, we say

我們先從西方文化開始，因為我是西方人。可以嗎？在西方，我們說

"respect is earned". That means I cannot give you respect or look up to you until you have done something

「要贏得尊敬」。意思是說除非你做了什麼值得我尊敬的事，

to show me that you deserve my respect or I should give it to you. Just because you

否則我不會尊敬你的。單憑你說

say: "Hello, my name is" doesn't mean anything. You have to say:

自己是某某達官顯要，對我們而言是沒有任何意義的。你必須說

"Hello, my name is, and I have done these things."

「嗨，我是某某人，我做了這些事。」

Because of that and if you do something that helps me, I will give you my respect.

因為你做的事，或是你幫助過我，我才會尊敬你。

Okay? In the East, it's a little different. In the East, what we say is:

瞭解嗎？在東方文化，就有點不同。在東方文化，一般的說法是

"respect is due to hierarchy". Hierarchy? Well, just like the word says, think "high",

「尊敬來自於階級制度」。階級制度？ 就像這個英文字字面的意思「高」

okay? The higher you are-okay?-the higher position you have. So if I come in and say:

你爬得愈高，懂嗎？你的身份地位也就愈高。如果我說

"I am Generalissimo Kareer." You go: "Oh, I must give you great respect", in the East,

「我是柯瑞大將軍」你會想：「噢，那我應該對你尊敬點」，

just because I am the General. I don't have to be a good General; I just have to be a

只因為我是將軍。我不必是個好的將軍，我只要是個將軍

General. You must give me respect. Well, in the West, you'd have to be a good General

你就必須尊敬我。但在西方，你必須是個好將軍

that's done a lot of good things.

一個做了很多好事的將軍。

Okay, number two:

第二點：

open debate is encouraged. If you're going: "What is open debate?"

我們鼓勵公開辯論。如果你問：「什麼是公開辯論？」

Open debate is conversation,

公開辯論是一種對話

but it's more conversation where two ideas are conflicting or they don't

在兩個互相衝突或是不同的理念下的對話

go together. You think A, they think B. So you don't both agree necessarily. Maybe you

你認為是A，他們認為是B，所以兩方意見不必然會一致。也許你想著

think: "I don't agree with this person, or I don't like everything they say",

「我不認同這個傢伙，我討厭他們所說的」

so you have a debate, which is a conversation to try and change each other's mind. Okay?

所以就會有辯論，試圖用對話來改變彼此的想法，了解嗎？

Open debate in the West is encouraged. If you don't like my idea, I'll say: "Why? What's wrong

西方文化鼓勵公開辯論。如果你不喜歡我的論點，我會說：「為什麼？

with it? Why don't you come up with something? Tell me what you think, or tell me what's

哪裡有問題？何不發表一下你的高見？告訴我你的想法是什麼，或是請指出我

wrong with my ideas." The challenge, we think, brings a greater result. In other words, if

的錯誤。」我們認為，挑戰，可以帶來好的結果。換句話說，

you talk to me and we have a really good open debate, things should be better at the end

如果我們透過一個公開辯論，最終可以讓事情有更好的發展。

of the debate. Let's look at the East. In the East, open debate and confrontation is

再來看看東方文化，公開辯論以及對峙

avoided. Partly, this is because in the East... Remember we talked about hierarchy? There's

是被避免的。部份的原因，是因為在東方‧‧‧記得我說過的階級制度嗎？

a level or layers? Well, if you question someone and they are on a higher level, you are not

有不同的位階？如果你對身處較高位的人提出質疑，你會被認為

showing them the respect they deserve, so it is almost better to do your debate... Or,

是不敬，所以最好不要在公眾場合提問或辯論，

not even debate, but questions in a less public area. So it is not open debate; more of a

甚至避免辯論。這就不算是公開辯論；最多只能算

private thing with you and that person, and even then, you shouldn't really question them,

是你和那個人之間的私下對話。即便如此，你還是不應該質疑他

but ask questions of them. Okay? That's number two.

而是要用請教的方式來表達。這是第二點。

Number three, let's look at individual success and material success. In the West, they matter,

第三點，我們來看看個人的成功和物質上的成功。在西方，

it's important. Yes, who I am is important, but it's who I am, just myself.

這很重要。我是誰很重要，但我只代表我自己。

Have I done well in school? Have I made a lot of money? Have I bought a lot of things?

我在學校有沒有好表現？我有沒有賺大錢？我有沒有買一堆東西？

If so, I am good and I'm very successful, and this is great. Okay?

如果有，表示我很行我是很成功的人，這是很棒的事，瞭解嗎？

It sounds normal, until we consider

這些似乎很正常，但是

in the East, success is group success. That means: Yes, I've done well, but: How is my

在東方文化(講者說西方應屬口誤)，成功是指群體的成功。意思是：我雖然表現很好，但是

brother? How are my parents? How is my sister? Is my family doing well?

我的兄弟呢？我的父母呢？我的姊妹呢？我們家族表現得如何？

If your family is not doing well, you cannot claim to be successful in the East. So they look at not even just

如果家族不是很成功，個人的成功就不能算成功。在東方甚至不僅僅看

the family, but your society. Is your country doing well? Is your city doing well? If your

家族是否成功，大家還會看社會是否成功，國家是否成功？城市是否成功？如果

whole country is doing well, you are successful. If they are not, things are not good. While

如果國家成功，你的成功才算得上成功。如果不是，那你也不能算成功。

in the West, it doesn't matter. Look at Donald Trump. Okay.

但在西方，這些都不重要。看看唐納.川普你就知道了

[Laughs].

（暗笑）

If you don't know who he is, please watch The Apprentice and My Failure to be President, if you watch those

如果你不知道唐納.川普是誰，請看《誰是接班人》和《我未能成為總統》這兩

two movies or programs, you'll see what I'm talking about. Anyway. Where are we?

個節目，你就知道我講的是誰。我們講到哪裡了？

Next, let's go back here. Vocal leadership. In the West, we like our leaders to talk,

下一個，回到第四點。說話式領導。在西方，我們喜歡領導者說話

talk, talk, and tell you: "I'm the leader, listen to me because I'm the one who knows

說、說、並且告訴你；「我就是老大，仔細聽我說，因為只有我

what's going on. I am the important one. You should know this. I'm the leader. I make the

懂怎麼回事，我很重要，你們應該搞清楚，我是老大。我做的最多

most, I talk the most. And look at me."

我講話最大聲，看著我。」

In the East, leadership is silent. It's not that

在東方，領導者是沉默的。並不是說

the leaders won't speak, they speak, but remember it's about group success? They will talk more about:

領導者不說話，他們也說話，但是還記得有關群體成功的概念嗎? 他們比較會說：

"We have done this, we are doing this. We, as a society or a group, are coming forward.

「我們完成了這個，我們正在做這個。我們正持續向前邁進

I am proud of my people." Versus: "I did it, and I'm the one."

我為我的人民感到驕傲。」相較於「我成功了，那就是我」

Okay? So the leadership is a little bit more silent.

所以東方的領導方式比較沉默

They say: "We lead from behind",

他們說：「我們在幕後領導」

which is we lead, but we let the people take the credit or get the... Get praised.

意思是雖然我們在領導，但是我們將功勞及掌聲歸給人民。

While in the West, I stand in the front and I should get the praise, because I've done it. Okay?

相對於在西方，我是領袖所以我應該得到讚揚，因為我成功了。 懂嗎？

Where are we now? Let's go down to five, which is strange: law more important than the relations.

講到哪裡了？繼續講第五點，這有點特別：法律比關係重要

In the West, we have what's called "the letter of the law". If the law says do this, you

在西方，我們有所謂的「法條」，如果法條說做這個，

must do this. It doesn't matter if you're my mother, my father, my brother, a good uncle

你就必須做這個。不論你是我母親、父親、兄弟、伯叔

or a good friend. What does the law say I have to do? That is more important, that comes

或是好朋友，都一視同仁。法律說我該做什麼？這才是最重要的

first. In business relationships, let's say. Not necessarily family, but especially in

不只是家庭關係，特別是商業關係，

business relationships, we love contracts. We love to have the piece of paper, we like

我們喜歡訂合約，我們喜歡白紙黑字

to have the writing, because that tells us what I'm supposed to do and what you're supposed

寫清楚，因為合約寫著我該做什麼，你該做什麼

to do, and everything's organized so there's no questions.

所有事情都有條有理，不會有爭議。

In the East, we notice relationships

在東方，我們會把注意力放在關係上

are more important than the letter of the law.

關係比法律更重要

This is true and not true. In the West,

可以說對，也可以說不對。在西方

we used to be more like this, but in the East it's still so, which is: When we shake hands,

我們以前是如此，但在東方現在仍然如此，好比說：當我們握手的時候

that is the bond. The contract shouldn't be necessary. We... They do it because it is

就建立了關係，合約似乎不是那麼重要。合約只是拿來應付

the modern world, but they look at you as a person. If they don't trust you, they don't

現代社會罷了，雙方是看人交往。如果無法贏得別人的信任，

care about the paper. What is the relationship like? Is it a good relationship? Then they

簽了約也沒用。要怎麼來形容關係呢？好的關係，可以使對方因為信任你

will sign the paper because they trust you, and they know that what you say they believe

而願意和你簽約，並且相信你所承諾的都會做到，

will happen, not what the paper says. While in the West, we point to the paper and say:

管他合約寫什麼。在西方，我們會指著合約說：

"You have to do it because the paper said it. I don't need a relationship with you."

「你必須做這，因為合約是這麼寫的，我不需要和你有什麼關係」

So in the East, they will try and actually make relationships, go out for dinner, meet

但是在東方，人們就會想辦法先建立關係，像是安排飯局，

you in maybe your home just to get to know you so that they know when you say something,

到你家去拜訪藉機多認識你，這樣他們才有辦法

they can believe it or trust it.

知道該不該信任你。

In the West, recent accomplishments matter.

第六點，在西方，人們很重視最近有的成就

An "accomplishment" is a deed or a goal. You

「成就」指完成的事或目標。

have done this, and you can show people: "Look what I have done. I have made a million dollars.

你完成了某件事，你可以告訴大家：「看看我完成了什麼，我賺進了一百萬，

I have built a house. I have finished school and graduated."

我蓋了一棟房子，我完成了學業順利畢業」

They care or we care about recent. What have you done today?

我們在乎你最近做的事。你今天做了什麼？

Or Janet would say: "What have you done for my lately?"

珍妮可能問你：「最近你為我做了什麼？」

We want to know what you've done today. We don't care about 20 years ago, that was 20 years ago.

我們想知道你今天做了什麼，我們不在乎你20年前做了什麼，那已經是過去式了

Maybe you were a great movie star 20 years ago.

也許20年前你是個大明星

Tom Cruise, what have you done recently? Mission Impossible, what?

嗨，湯姆克魯斯，你最近有什麼新作品嗎？「不可能的任務第一集」，挖哩咧？

Okay. You know what I'm saying. Right?

懂我在說什麼嗎？

When you look at that, we're looking at today. What matters is today. And it's true.

這樣你就理解，我們在看你今天做了什麼。我們在乎的是今天。事實也是如此

The sun comes up today. If you died 10 years ago, you don't matter anymore.

今天的太陽才是我能享受的，如果你已經死了10年，今天就和你無關了

But today, what are you doing?

今天你做了什麼？

Talk to me about that. In the East, it's a little different. They like to look at you

說來聽聽。在東方，就有點不同了。人們喜歡關注你的

might say character. Remember we talked about relationships? They look at what you've done

性格。記得我前面講過所謂的關係嗎？人們會注意你以前

in the past because they believe what you did before-okay?-is what you're going to do

的表現，他們相信看以前的你就可以知道

in the future. They think:

未來會的你。他們認為：

"Okay, if you've always been a good person, even if you make a mistake today,

「如果你過去一直是個好人，即使你今天犯了錯，

you've been a good person, you'll probably be a good person again in the future."

因為你過去是個好人，所以你以後仍應會是個好人。」

Or if you're a bad person, you've always been bad: Just because you're good

或如果你是個壞人，如果你過去一直是個壞人，即使你今天變好了

today doesn't mean you're going to be good forever. And between those two differences,

那並不表示你以後就一直都會變好。面對這兩種文化差異

you might say: "Wow, that's a really big world difference", because one seems to be based

你可能會說：「哇，差異真有夠大」，因為西方觀念是以

on just the here and now with no thought to the future and no caring about the past. But

當下來看待你，不計較你的過去也不在乎你的未來。

in some ways, in the West, we're more apt to... We're more able to say:

在西方，我們更會說；

"Hey, look, if you change and want to be a better person,

「嗨，聽著，如果你改過自新想變好，

we'll support that because we look at what

我們會支持你，因為我們注重

you're doing now. Maybe you were bad before, but you're good now. We give you a chance."

你現在的所做所為。也許你以前很壞，但是現在已經變好了，我們會給你機會」

Well, in the West... The Eastern way of looking at it, if you were bad before, you're probably

然而，以東方的觀點來看，如果你以前很壞，現在可能還是

still bad and shouldn't be trusted. Which is better? I don't know. Okay.

本性難移，不能信任你。這兩種觀點哪一種比較好？我也不知道。

Now let's go to number 7: results matter. In the West, it's not what you were thinking about.

現在來看第七點：注重結果。在西方，我們注重的是結果而不是你的想法

I wanted to help my friend who was on drugs,

如果我想幫助一個吸毒的朋友

and he was really, really, really, really needing them, so I bought the drugs so he would feel better.

他毒癮發作非常、非常、非常、非常需要毒品，於是我帶毒品去給他讓他可以舒服一點

That's my intention.

這是我的動機

In the West, if that person dies, you can go to jail because: "Hey, he died."

在西方，如果那個人因吸毒死了，你就可能被抓去關，因為：「他死了」

But you would say: "I was trying to help them."

你會說：「我是想幫他阿」

And we would say: "We don't care. What you did, what happened, the result was, that's what matters."

我們會說：「我們不管你是怎麼想的。你做了什麼，發生了甚麼，那就是結果，那才是我們注重的」

Okay?

瞭解嗎？

If you look at the East, it's difference.

在東方，那就不同了。

They talk about: "What were you trying to do?

人們會說：「你想幹嘛？」

What was in your head at the time? We know the person maybe died

你當時是怎麼想的？我們知道那個人因為吸食太多毒品

because they took too many drugs, but you were trying

可能會死，難道你是想

to kill them? No. You were trying to make them feel better,

殺他嗎？不，你是想讓他舒服一點，

to relax them, to make their life easier.

紓解一下毒癮，讓他的日子好過一點。

Oh, okay, well, that makes everything different."

原來如此，那麼這件事就要另眼看待了」

And this goes back to the relationship thing.

這又回到我前面提過所謂的關係

If you have a relationship, there's a trust built in, so they look for your intention

如果你有關係，那就存在著信任，人們會以這個為出發點

and they go on that. Well, in the West because we're looking at what's happening now, the

來檢視你的動機(相信你是想幫助朋友而非想害死他)。在西方，我們注重現在發生了什麼事，

result matters. What happened in the end? That's all that matters.

結果才是最重要的。最後的結局是什麼？那才是最重要的

One last, one way to look at is here: exact time. What does that mean?

最後一點：準時。那是甚麼意思？

In the West,

在西方

12 o'clock means 12 o'clock.

十二點就是十二點

In the East, 12 o'clock means

在東方，十二點代表

12 o'clock or 12:10, around that. Okay?

十二點或十二點十分左右。

It's approximate. That's an important one, because if you have to meet somebody

差不多就好。這是很重要的一點，因為你如果要和一個西方人

from the West, especially if they're from Germany, meet at 12 o'clock. If they're from

約見面，尤其是德國人，那就要十二點準時到。如果那是個

maybe China or maybe, I don't know, Laos, 12:05, you'll be okay. All right?

中國人或是寮國人，你十二點零五才到也沒關係。

Now, I want to do a test to see if you understand the cultural differences.

現在，我要做一個測驗來看看你是否已經了解東西文化差異

Actually, just before that, let's just go over really quickly.

開始之前，讓我們先很快地複習一遍

What I want you to understand is there is really

希望你能理解，沒有哪一種比另一種好的問題

no better one. I'm not saying West is better than East, it's just something to keep in

我不是說西方比東方好，只是要大家記住這些差異

mind because we have a lot of relations, and our big world is becoming smaller, and in

因為東西方的關係密不可分，這是個地球村，

order to understand each other, we have to understand how we think. And then we use our

為了瞭解彼此，我們必須了解自己的想法。然後用自己的語言

language, we can use the right language at the right time with the right people.

我們可以用對的語言在對的時機和對的人溝通。

Does that make sense? Good. I'm going to help you, because we're going to go do a test now to

有道理吧？我會幫你，因為現在就要開始測驗了

test how well you understand the difference between here, which is relationship-based,

要測驗你對兩邊文化差異了解多少，這一邊是以關係為基礎的文化

and here, where we base things on facts and exact matters. Or you could say:

與另一邊是以事實為基礎的文化，。你也可以說是

the individual versus the society or the collective. All right.

一邊是個人，對應於另一邊是社會或群體，

Are you ready? Let's go to the board.

準備好了嗎？那就開始吧

[Snaps].

(打響指的聲音)

Okay, test time. Now, just once again, I mentioned it, remember this is a generalization.

測驗時間到了，再一次，我說過了，這只是一個概念

Countries such as Japan and Korea are, when I talked about the time thing, they're very much on

在我提到準時的問題，像是日本和韓國，他們就很準時

exact time, but in general... General thought, when we're saying that East has more of a,

總的來說，東方文化比較傾向於

we say, circular dynamic, they approach things a little bit holistically, while we are more

我們這麼說，迂迴繞圈子，他們用群體的觀念來看事情，而我們西方則比較

direct. Is one better than the other? Do you remember about the pizza? Is it better to

直接。哪一種比較好？記得我一開始講的披薩的例子嗎？用刀吃還是

eat pizza with a knife and fork, or chopsticks? It's better with your hands.

用叉子吃，還是用筷子吃比較好？最好就是用手抓來吃

So I would say a synthesis or bringing them together would be best, but let's do our test and take a look.

我會說整體考量才是最好的，讓我們開始測驗吧

Here we go. Cowboy mentality. Cowboy mentality is the Western mentality. Right? We are like...

開始，牛仔精神。牛仔精神是西方的精神，像是

We are strong, we are individuals, we do everything by ourselves, even though the roads, and the

我很強，我就是我，我做人何事都靠自己，即便馬路、

ships, and the airplanes are built by lots of other people, that doesn't matter.

船艦、飛機都是很多人一起造出來的，那也沒差

If I'm a pilot, I fly the plane. I didn't make it, I didn't design it, I didn't invent it.

我是個飛行員，我駕駛飛機，雖然飛機不是我造的，不是我設計的，不適我發明的。

But that is our Western mentality, but it's kind of cool, because we think we can do anything

這就是西方的精神，好像很酷，因為我們認為只要我下定決心

if we put our minds to it as an individual. Samurai mentality is this...You go:

我可以做任何事。武士道精神是這樣的‧‧‧

"Samurais are individual soldiers." Not really. The Samurai, which is the Eastern mentality,

「武士是軍人」並非全然如此。武士道精神是東方的精神

they serve, they serve a master, and they serve the greater good.

武士要服侍主人，他們很善於服侍階級高的人

So even though they are powerful like a cowboy, they say: "I use my power for my master",

即使他們像牛仔一樣強，他們會說：「我的能力是用來服侍主人的」

and in that way, we serve everybody; everybody is served.

同樣的，我們服侍大家，大家都被我們服侍。

As the individual, you would say:

而以西方個人的角度，你會說

"By my great accomplishments, I bring up society."

「因著我偉大的成就，帶來社會的繁榮」

And in the East, they say: "By working together, we bring up society."

在東方，他們說：「因著大家的努力，帶來社會的繁榮」

Yin and Yang. [Laughs]. Anyway. Moving on.

就像陰和陽，(笑聲)。讓我們繼續

Quiz time. All right? Are you ready? We have top four questions on the board.

測驗時間到了。準備好了嗎？白板上有前四名的問題

I'm going to ask the first one, and I want you to try to think carefully about all the information