for Muslims to be barred from entering the United States. This form of controversial

穆斯林應被禁止進入美國。這種爭論性的言語

rhetoric has been a consistent theme during the Trump campaign. Some, including Jeb Bush’s

在川普的競選期間一直是個話題。有些人，包括傑布布希的

national security advisor, are suggesting that his political ideology resembles fascism.

國家安全顧問，認為川普的政治思想類似法西斯主義

So, we wanted to know, is Donald Trump actually a fascist?

所以我們想知道的是，唐諾川普是不是法西斯主義者？

Well, the problem with identifying a fascist is that the label is applied to a huge number

要定義法西斯主義者，首先有個問題，就是這個詞多次被用在

of differing political theories. It was actually Italy’s Benito Mussolini who's considered the founder of fascism

不同的政治理論。在1919年，義大利的Benito Mussolini被認為是提出法西斯主義的第一人

in 1919. In a nutshell, the ideology is based on strengthening a country through extreme

簡而言之，法西斯主義的思想建立在透過極端的民族主義

nationalism, a powerful leader, and the exclusion of “weaker” groups.

強化國家力量，一位有權力的領導，以及驅逐"相對弱者"

An essay by Italian philosopher, Umberto Eco, distinguishes fourteen characteristics which

在義大利哲學家Umberto Eco的一篇評論中，提出從法西斯主義中

are found in fascism, and have been the subject of accusations against Donald Trump.

發現的四種特質，這成為唐諾川普被指控的原因

In a nutshell, Eco says that fascism relies on a cult of tradition, while rejecting modernism.

簡而言之，Eco表示法西斯主義偏向對傳統的崇拜並拒絕現代主義

In many ways, new ideas are seen as the beginning of modern depravity; that with a breakdown

在很多地方都可以發現，新的思想被視為現代社會墮落的開端；道德與傳統的崩壞

in moral and traditional order comes chaos. It is then unsurprising that even Trump’s

帶來混亂。所以，不意外，川普的競選口號

slogan, “Make America Great Again” plays in line with traditionalism. And his fear

「讓美國再度強大」被歸類為傳統主義。川普對一些事情的畏懼

of things like the internet speaks to the fascist fear of modern depravity.

例如網路，就像是法西斯主義者對於現代社會墮落的恐懼

Another hallmark of fascism is anti-intellectualism. In this way, knowledgeable criticism is not

另一項法西斯主義的特點是反對菁英主義。有知識的發言不只會被忽略

only ignored, but ridiculed. Trump says that he is “very smart”, but he has also suggested

也被嘲笑。川普說他自己「非常聰明」，但也暗示大家

that knowing things doesn’t make you a good leader.

你比別人多知道一些事並不會使你變成好的領導者

Further characteristics are based on the idea that dissent and diversity are bad, and they

還有一些特徵的基本論點是異議和多元性是不好的，這些將

weaken discourse and society. Almost by definition, Eco says that fascism is racist, or at the

使溝通和整個社會衰弱。Eco說法西斯主義是種族主義，或至少是

very least “anti-diversity”. Trump’s rampant xenophobia, within which he proposes

「拒絕多元化」。川普仇外的激進想法，以至於他有

deporting 11 million immigrants, and blocking entry to the US for Muslims, is an open appeal

驅逐一千一百萬名移民和阻隔穆斯林進入美國的計畫，這是很明顯的

extreme nationalism.

極端的民族主義

In his presidential announcement speech, Trump latched onto another important fascist quality.

川普的總統參選演說更讓他的形象與法西斯主義者更接近

Enemies of the state are defined as being strong and needlessly wealthy. At the same

美國的敵人被認為是強勁且有龐大的財富

time, they are able to be brought down by a heroic, charismatic leader. For Trump, this

他們也會被英勇的、有魅力的領導擊敗。對川普來說，這個敵人就是

enemy is China, and he is that leader.

中國，而他就是那位領導者

There are even more subtle aspects of Trump’s rhetoric and campaign which reflect fascist

在川普的言論以及競選活動中，還有很多細節與法西斯者對

attitudes of “machismo” and sexually demeaning mores. The way Trump speaks to and about women,

「男子氣概」和「性別貶低」的態度相呼應。川普不論是對女人說話、提及女人

as well as in relation to other men illustrates these thoughts.

和與這些女人相關的男人，他的話語闡述了他的想法

But perhaps the most identifiable aspect is what is called “the big lie”. The concept

至少現在最能確信的是川普的發言是"大謊言"。"大謊言"的概念是

of newspeak, for using language and discourse to support lies and half truths. Despite being

是利用言語和公開談話去製造謊言和部分事實。盡管

regularly called out as lying, Trump simply denies the allegations. He usually attacks

經常被認為是說謊，川普否認這些指控且通常會攻擊

the source of the accusation, and often the media in general.

這些指控的來源，大部分是媒體

Still, despite the many similarities, some say that Trump isn’t necessarily a fascist,

儘管有許多相似，仍有些人認為川普不一定是法西斯主義者

but rather, an opportunist. Trump’s lack of ideological direction suggests that a vocal

更確切的說，是機會主義者。川普的政治不正確間接顯示出

portion of the US public is calling for a fascist candidate, and Trump has simply filled

美國有部分的聲音表示想要法西斯主義者作為總統候選人，而川普正

that role. The scariest thought is not that Trump is a fascist, but that American voters

適合這個角色。最可怕的事情不是川普是法西斯主義者，而是擁有投票權的美國人

want one.

想要一位法西斯領導者

For a deep dive into the history of fascism and its different definitions, watch our video.

想要更深入了解法西斯主義的歷史以及多種定義，請點擊影片

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