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What do you do when you have a headache?
當你頭疼時你會怎麼辦?
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You swallow an aspirin.
你會吞下一片阿司匹林。
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But for this pill to get to your head, where the pain is,
但要使這片藥到達你的頭, 也就是疼痛的地方,
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it goes through your stomach, intestines and various other organs first.
它要經過你的胃,腸,和許多其他器官。
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Swallowing pills is the most effective and painless way of delivering
口服藥片是最有效且無痛的給藥方式,
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any medication in the body.
對於任何治療都是這樣。
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The downside, though, is that swallowing any medication leads to its dilution.
然而不利之處在於, 口服藥品會引起藥物的稀釋。
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And this is a big problem, particularly in HIV patients.
這是個大問題,尤其對於HIV患者來說。
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When they take their anti-HIV drugs,
當他們使用抗HIV藥物時,
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these drugs are good for lowering the virus in the blood,
這些藥物能夠降低血液中病毒的含量,
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and increasing the CD4 cell counts.
并提升CD4細胞(一種免疫細胞)的數量。
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But they are also notorious for their adverse side effects,
但它們也擁有很嚴重的副作用,
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but mostly bad, because they get diluted by the time they get to the blood,
其中最大的問題在於,它們在 到達血液的時候已經稀釋,
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and worse, by the time they get to the sites
在到達作用位置時就更糟了。
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where it matters most: within the HIV viral reservoirs.
這是最重要的地方: 當HIV病毒潛伏在宿主體內時,
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These areas in the body -- such as the lymph nodes,
它們存在於身體裡面,諸如淋巴結、
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the nervous system, as well as the lungs --
神經系統,以及肺部﹣﹣
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where the virus is sleeping,
這裡的病毒處於休眠狀態,
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and will not readily get delivered in the blood
不會很快進入血液,
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of patients that are under consistent anti-HIV drugs therapy.
只要病人持續使用抗HIV的藥物。
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However, upon discontinuation of therapy,
然而,一旦治療中斷,
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the virus can awake and infect new cells in the blood.
病毒就會甦醒並侵染血液中的新細胞。
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Now, all this is a big problem in treating HIV with the current drug treatment,
如今,上述弊端已成為運用 目前藥物治療HIV的大問題。
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which is a life-long treatment that must be swallowed by patients.
也就意味著病人需要終身服藥。
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One day, I sat and thought,
有一天,我突然想到,
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"Can we deliver anti-HIV directly within its reservoir sites,
“我們能否直接向 病毒的潛伏處注入抗HIV藥物,
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without the risk of drug dilution?"
從而降低藥物稀釋的風險?“
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As a laser scientist, the answer was just before my eyes:
作為一名雷射光科學家,答案是顯而易見的:
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Lasers, of course.
雷射光,當然了。
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If they can be used for dentistry,
如果雷射光可以被用於牙科,
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for diabetic wound-healing and surgery,
糖尿病傷口修復以及外科手術,
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they can be used for anything imaginable,
那麼它們可以被運用於任何可以想到的領域,
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including transporting drugs into cells.
包括向細胞內注入藥物。
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As a matter of fact, we are currently using laser pulses
事實上,我們正在運用雷射光脈衝
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to poke or drill extremely tiny holes,
在HIV感染的細胞上戳或鑽出極小的孔,
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which open and close almost immediately in HIV-infected cells,
這些孔開啟后會立即關閉,
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in order to deliver drugs within them.
由此可以向其中注入藥物。
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"How is that possible?" you may ask.
”這怎麼可能?“你可能會問。
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Well, we shine a very powerful but super-tiny laser beam
是這樣,我們將一束能量極高且極其細的雷射光
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onto the membrane of HIV-infected cells
照射在被HIV感染細胞的細胞膜上
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while these cells are immersed in liquid containing the drug.
這些細胞被侵泡在含有藥物的液體里。
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The laser pierces the cell, while the cell swallows the drug
激光將細胞刺破,毫秒之間,
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in a matter of microseconds.
細胞就吞下了藥物。
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Before you even know it,
在你察覺到之前,
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the induced hole becomes immediately repaired.
被鑽出的孔就自動修復了。
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Now, we are currently testing this technology in test tubes
現在,我們正在培養皿或者試管中,
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or in Petri dishes,
測試這項技術,
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but the goal is to get this technology in the human body,
目標在於將這項技術運用於人體,
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apply it in the human body.
使它在人體內發揮作用。
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"How is that possible?" you may ask.
“這怎麼可能?”你也許會問。
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Well, the answer is: through a three-headed device.
是這樣的,通過一種三頭儀器。
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Using the first head, which is our laser,
第一個頭就是我們的激光,
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we will make an incision in the site of infection.
我們會用它對感染部位經行切割。
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Using the second head, which is a camera,
第二個頭是一個攝像頭,
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we meander to the site of infection.
我們用它來找到感染部位。
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Finally, using a third head, which is a drug-spreading sprinkler,
最後,第三個頭是一個噴藥頭,
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we deliver the drugs directly at the site of infection,
我們將藥物直接注入到感染部位,
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while the laser is again used to poke those cells open.
與此同時,激光將細胞刺穿一個孔。
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Well, this might not seem like much right now.
目前這看起來還不是那麼成熟。
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But one day, if successful, this technology can lead
但終有一天,如果我們能夠成功,這項技術將
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to complete eradication of HIV in the body.
完全根除人體內的HIV病毒。
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Yes. A cure for HIV.
沒錯,治癒HIV。
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This is every HIV researcher's dream --
這是每一個HIV研究者的夢想﹣﹣
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in our case, a cure lead by lasers.
對於我們來說,就是雷射光治療法。
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Thank you.
謝謝。
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(Applause)
(掌聲)