and I remember, at the time,

我記得那個時候

that the talks weren't put online.

TED演講都還沒上線

I think they were given to TEDsters in a box,

演講錄好後大概都裝在盒子裡，發送給TED觀眾

a box set of DVDs,

可能是一盒DVD

which they put on their shelves, where they are now.

大家拿回家就放在架上，擺到現在都沒動過

(Laughter)

[觀眾笑聲]

And actually, Chris called me a week after I'd given my talk, and said,

其實後來克里斯有打電話給我

"We're going to start putting them online. Can we put yours online?"

那時大概是演講過後一星期

And I said, "Sure."

他說：「我們會開始把演講錄影放到網上」

And four years later,

「可以把你的也放上去嗎？」我立刻就答應了

it's been downloaded four million times.

現在過了四年

So I suppose you could multiply that by 20 or something

我剛有說，看過演講的有...

to get the number of people who've seen it.

應該說演講下載次數達到400萬

And, as Chris says, there is a hunger for videos of me.

我猜把這個數字乘上20左右

(Laughter)

大概就是看過演講的人數

(Applause)

克里斯跟我說，有很多人

Don't you feel?

渴望看到我的影片

(Laughter)

[觀眾笑聲]

So, this whole event has been an elaborate build-up

[觀眾掌聲]

to me doing another one for you, so here it is.

果然非常渴望

(Laughter)

[觀眾笑聲]

Al Gore spoke at the TED conference I spoke at four years ago

所以一切就在因緣際會之下

and talked about the climate crisis.

我又回到這裡演講，要開始囉

And I referenced that at the end of my last talk.

[觀眾笑聲]

So I want to pick up from there

高爾跟我一樣

because I only had 18 minutes, frankly.

四年前在同個TED論壇發表演講

(Laughter)

他那次談氣候危機

So, as I was saying --

我上回有提到他的演講

(Laughter)

用來為我的演講作結

You see, he's right.

所以我想從上回的結語說起

I mean, there is a major climate crisis, obviously,

畢竟我那時只有18分鐘的時間

and I think if people don't believe it, they should get out more.

好，我演講最後提到...

(Laughter)

[觀眾笑聲]

But I believe there is a second climate crisis,

的確，他說的沒錯

which is as severe,

也就是說，氣候面臨相當大的危機

which has the same origins,

那些不相信的人，應該多到戶外走走

and that we have to deal with with the same urgency.

[觀眾笑聲]

And you may say, by the way,

但我認為還有另一個危機

"Look, I'm good.

跟氣候危機同樣嚴重

I have one climate crisis, I don't really need the second one."

有同樣的起因

(Laughter)

而且同樣需要我們立即因應

But this is a crisis of, not natural resources --

我所謂的危機...

though I believe that's true --

對了，各位可能會說「喂！可以了吧」

but a crisis of human resources.

「有一個氣候危機就夠了」

I believe fundamentally,

「誰還想要另一個危機」

as many speakers have said during the past few days,

但這個危機跟自然資源無關

that we make very poor use of our talents.

雖然我相信自然資源也有危機

Very many people go through their whole lives

我要說的是人力資源的危機

having no real sense of what their talents may be,

基本上我的看法

or if they have any to speak of.

跟過去幾天其他講者說的一樣

I meet all kinds of people

就是我們並沒有善用

who don't think they're really good at anything.

自己的才能

Actually, I kind of divide the world into two groups now.

很多人終其一生

Jeremy Bentham, the great utilitarian philosopher,

都不太清楚自己潛在的才能

once spiked this argument.

或不知道自己有沒有才能可言

He said, "There are two types of people in this world:

我碰過各式各樣的人

those who divide the world into two types

覺得自己沒什麼長處

and those who do not."

其實我覺得全世界大概分為兩種人

(Laughter)

功利主義哲學大師邊沁

Well, I do.

詮釋得很有意思

(Laughter)

他說：「全世界可分為兩種人」

I meet all kinds of people who don't enjoy what they do.

「把世界一分為二的人」

They simply go through their lives getting on with it.

「和不把世界一分為二的人」

They get no great pleasure from what they do.

[觀眾笑聲]

They endure it rather than enjoy it,

我就是會分的那種

and wait for the weekend.

[觀眾笑聲]

But I also meet people

但我也遇過其他人

who love what they do and couldn't imagine doing anything else.

說自己不喜歡目前的工作

If you said, "Don't do this anymore,"

他們過著單調的生活

they'd wonder what you're talking about.

日復一日

It isn't what they do, it's who they are.

他們在工作上得不到快樂

They say, "But this is me, you know.

只是在忍受，而不是在享受

It would be foolish to abandon this,

等待著週末來臨

because it speaks to my most authentic self."

但我也碰過一些人

And it's not true of enough people.

說自己熱愛現有的工作

In fact, on the contrary, I think it's still true of a minority of people.

對工作死心塌地

And I think there are many possible explanations for it.

叫他們不要做，他們會一臉納悶

And high among them is education,

因為重點不是工作本身，而是天性如此

because education, in a way,

他們會說：「但這就是我啊」

dislocates very many people from their natural talents.

「我才不會笨到放棄」

And human resources are like natural resources;

「因為這工作讓我找到真正的自己」

they're often buried deep.

對大部份人來說，並非如此

You have to go looking for them,

我覺得正好相反

they're not just lying around on the surface.

熱愛工作的人絕對是少數

You have to create the circumstances where they show themselves.

我想有許多原因

And you might imagine education would be the way that happens,

可以用來解釋這件事

but too often, it's not.

一大原因

Every education system in the world is being reformed at the moment

出在教育

and it's not enough.

因為教育可說是

Reform is no use anymore,

剝奪了許多人

because that's simply improving a broken model.

與生俱來的才能

What we need --

而且人力資源跟天然資源一樣

and the word's been used many times in the past few days --

往往「深藏不露」

is not evolution,

我們必須去挖掘

but a revolution in education.

不是光看表面就會發現

This has to be transformed into something else.

我們必須營造良好的環境，幫助他們發展

(Applause)

各位可能覺得

One of the real challenges is to innovate fundamentally in education.

只有教育可以做到這件事

Innovation is hard,

但往往並非如此

because it means doing something that people don't find very easy,

世界各國的教育體制

for the most part.

目前都處於改革的階段

It means challenging what we take for granted,

但光這樣是不夠的

things that we think are obvious.

改革是沒有用的

The great problem for reform or transformation

因為那只是改良舊有的制度

is the tyranny of common sense.

我們需要的...

Things that people think,

其實這幾天一直都有提到...

"It can't be done differently, that's how it's done."

不是緩慢的教改

I came across a great quote recently from Abraham Lincoln,

是教育根本的革命

who I thought you'd be pleased to have quoted at this point.

教育一定要轉型

(Laughter)

完完全全的改變

He said this in December 1862 to the second annual meeting of Congress.

[觀眾掌聲]

I ought to explain that I have no idea what was happening at the time.

當前一大難題

We don't teach American history in Britain.

就是要徹底

(Laughter)

創新教育

We suppress it. You know, this is our policy.

創新是很困難的

(Laughter)

因為創新所要做的事

No doubt, something fascinating was happening then,

都相當的不容易

which the Americans among us will be aware of.

創新是要去挑戰我們固有的思維

But he said this:

那些我們視為理所當然的事

"The dogmas of the quiet past are inadequate to the stormy present.

改革的一大問題

The occasion is piled high with difficulty,

或是轉型

and we must rise with the occasion."

是常識的宰制

I love that.

就像一般人常會覺得

Not rise to it, rise with it.

做事不按規矩來是會失敗的

"As our case is new,

最近讀到一句林肯的話，我覺得很有道理

so we must think anew and act anew.

這時候想必各位很高興聽到林肯的話

We must disenthrall ourselves,

[觀眾笑聲]

and then we shall save our country."

1862年的12月

I love that word, "disenthrall."

他向國會致詞時說了這句話

You know what it means?

我該先跟各位說明，我完全不知那年有什麼大事

That there are ideas that all of us are enthralled to,

畢竟我們在英國是不學美國歷史的

which we simply take for granted as the natural order of things,

[觀眾笑聲]

the way things are.

我們向來都加以打壓，政策就是這樣

And many of our ideas have been formed,

[觀眾笑聲]

not to meet the circumstances of this century,

反正那年12月一定有發生什麼有趣的事

but to cope with the circumstances of previous centuries.

在座的美國人

But our minds are still hypnotized by them,

想必知道

and we have to disenthrall ourselves of some of them.

總之林肯說

Now, doing this is easier said than done.

「那些屬於」

It's very hard to know, by the way, what it is you take for granted.

「寧靜往日的教條」

And the reason is that you take it for granted.

「已不足以因應今日的風雨」

(Laughter)

「情勢」

Let me ask you something you may take for granted.

「已然升高，愈發困難」

How many of you here are over the age of 25?

「我們得順勢而起」

That's not what you take for granted, I'm sure you're familiar with that.

說的真好

Are there any people here under the age of 25?

不是加以抗衡，是順勢而起

Great. Now, those over 25,

「由於我們面臨新的問題」

could you put your hands up if you're wearing your wristwatch?

「故得有新的思維」

Now that's a great deal of us, isn't it?

「新的作為」

Ask a room full of teenagers the same thing.

「我們得掙脫自身的枷鎖」

Teenagers do not wear wristwatches.

「才能拯救我們的國家」

I don't mean they can't,

我很喜歡「掙脫枷鎖」這概念

they just often choose not to.

各位知道什麼意思嗎？

And the reason is we were brought up in a pre-digital culture,

我們被很多觀念的枷鎖綁住

those of us over 25.

覺得這些觀念理應如此

And so for us, if you want to know the time,

好像是天經地義、自然法則

you have to wear something to tell it.

我們有很多觀念

Kids now live in a world which is digitized,

之所以形成，不是要符合當今態勢

and the time, for them, is everywhere.

而是為了因應過去的狀況

They see no reason to do this.

但我們仍然對這些觀念深信不疑

And by the way, you don't need either;

而我們必須要掙脫這些枷鎖

it's just that you've always done it and you carry on doing it.

這事說來容易

My daughter never wears a watch, my daughter Kate, who's 20.

但要釐清何謂理所當然的事，實在很難

She doesn't see the point.

正是因為理所當然，所以不會察覺

As she says,

我來問些各位可能視為理所當然的事

"It's a single-function device."

在場有多少人超過25歲？

(Laughter)

這跟「理所當然」扯不上關係啦

"Like, how lame is that?"

我相信各位都清楚自己幾歲

And I say, "No, no, it tells the date as well."

那在場不到25歲的人呢？

(Laughter)

很好，現在25歲以上的人

"It has multiple functions."

如果戴著手錶的話，請把手舉起來

(Laughter)

看到有很多人舉手對吧？

But, you see, there are things we're enthralled to in education.

如果在場都是青少年，問一樣的問題

A couple of examples.

結果會發現青少年不戴手錶

One of them is the idea of linearity:

並不是他們不會戴或不准戴

that it starts here and you go through a track

他們只是往往選擇不戴

and if you do everything right,

因為各位也知道，我們成長過程中

you will end up set for the rest of your life.

一切都還沒數位化...我指25歲以上的人

Everybody who's spoken at TED has told us implicitly,

對我們來說，想知道現在幾點

or sometimes explicitly, a different story:

一定要戴著手錶才行

that life is not linear; it's organic.

現在的孩子活在數位化的世界

We create our lives symbiotically

對他們來說，到處都看得到時間

as we explore our talents

在我們探索自己的才能的同時

in relation to the circumstances they help to create for us.

而且其實我們也不需要戴錶

But, you know, we have become obsessed with this linear narrative.

只是長期以來都有戴錶，習慣成自然

And probably the pinnacle for education is getting you to college.

我女兒從來不戴錶，她叫凱特，今年20歲

I think we are obsessed with getting people to college.

她覺得戴錶很沒意義

Certain sorts of college.

她說：「錶只有單一功能耶」

I don't mean you shouldn't go, but not everybody needs to go,

[觀眾笑聲]

or go now.

「吼，這會不會太瞎了？」

Maybe they go later, not right away.

我跟她說：「不會呀，錶還會顯示日期耶」

And I was up in San Francisco a while ago doing a book signing.

[觀眾笑聲]

There was this guy buying a book, he was in his 30s.

「應該是多功能才對」

I said, "What do you do?"

就教育來說，我們也有許多枷鎖

And he said, "I'm a fireman."

給各位幾個例子

I asked, "How long have you been a fireman?"

一個是線性思維

"Always. I've always been a fireman."

從起點開始，沿著既定的道路

"Well, when did you decide?" He said, "As a kid.

只要一切都按部就班

Actually, it was a problem for me at school,

就能穩穩當當過完後半輩子

because at school, everybody wanted to be a fireman."

TED請來的講者都用或間接

(Laughter)

或直接的方式，分享新奇的故事

He said, "But I wanted to be a fireman."

告訴我們生命並非直線，而是富有變化

And he said, "When I got to the senior year of school,

生命掌握在自己手中

my teachers didn't take it seriously.

我們探索自己天賦的同時

This one teacher didn't take it seriously.

天賦也引領我們找到自己的一片天

He said I was throwing my life away

但我們一心相信

if that's all I chose to do with it;

線性思維的論述

that I should go to college, I should become a professional person,

還有相信教育的最高成就

that I had great potential

就是上大學

and I was wasting my talent to do that."

我覺得我們太執著上大學這件事

He said, "It was humiliating.

還要特定幾所好大學

It was in front of the whole class and I felt dreadful.

不是說不該上大學，而是不用每個人都上大學

But it's what I wanted, and as soon as I left school,

也不用每個人都一畢業就上大學

I applied to the fire service and I was accepted.

有些人可能想緩一緩，不想那麼急

You know, I was thinking about that guy recently,

我不久前在舊金山

just a few minutes ago when you were speaking, about this teacher,

辦了場簽書會

because six months ago, I saved his life."

有個男的買了書，他大約30多歲

(Laughter)

我問他：「你是做什麼的？」

He said, "He was in a car wreck, and I pulled him out, gave him CPR,

他說：「我是消防員」

and I saved his wife's life as well."

我問：「那你從事這行多久了？」

He said, "I think he thinks better of me now."

他說：「好久了，我一直都是消防員」

(Laughter)

我又問：「那你什麼時候決定當消防員的？」

(Applause)

他說：「小時候就想了，但這在學校就成了問題」

You know, to me,

「因為每個同學都想當消防員」

human communities depend upon a diversity of talent,

「但我真的想當消防員」

not a singular conception of ability.

「升上高年級的時候」

And at the heart of our challenges --

「老師都不當一回事」

(Applause)

「有個老師更是這樣」

At the heart of the challenge

「他說我這樣只是浪費生命」

is to reconstitute our sense of ability and of intelligence.

「最好不要想當消防員」

This linearity thing is a problem.

「說我該讀大學，成為專業人士」

When I arrived in L.A. about nine years ago,

「說我很有潛力」

I came across a policy statement --

「不要白白浪費資質」

very well-intentioned --

「那時我覺得自己好丟臉」

which said, "College begins in kindergarten."

「因為他在全班面前講我，讓人實在很難受」

No, it doesn't.

「但這是我的夢想，」

(Laughter)

「便申請當消防員，後來就錄取了」

It doesn't.

他接著說：「你知道嗎？我剛剛又想到那個老師」

If we had time, I could go into this, but we don't.

「剛剛你還在演講的時候，我正好想到他」

(Laughter)

「因為半年前」

Kindergarten begins in kindergarten.

「我救了他一命」

(Laughter)

[觀眾笑聲]

A friend of mine once said,

「他那時出了車禍」

"A three year-old is