Because of the coup d'état,

因為軍事政變我們全家 必須離開在迦納的家園，

my family had to leave my native home of Ghana

搬去了甘比亞；

and move to the Gambia.

碰巧在我們抵達後的六個月，

As luck would have it,

他們也發生了軍事政變，

six months after we arrived,

我清楚地記得在大半夜裡被叫醒來，

they too had a military coup.

而且盡我們一切努力打包了稀少的行李，

I vividly remember being woken up in the middle of the night

大概走了兩小時抵達一間安全的房子，

and gathering the few belongings we could

有一整個星期我們是睡在床底下的，

and walking for about two hours

因為我們很怕子彈有可能會 從窗戶外飛進來。

to a safe house.

後來在八歲大時我們搬去波扎納，

For a week, we slept under our beds

這一次就不同了，

because we were worried that bullets might fly through the window.

那裡並沒有發生政變，

Then, at the age of eight,

一切運作都正常、很棒的教育建設，

we moved to Botswana.

他們有非常好的基礎建設， 在當時他們甚至還有著光纖電信系統，

This time, it was different.

遠早於光纖出現西方國家以前；

There were no coups.

他們唯一所沒有的東西，

Everything worked. Great education.

就是他們沒有自己國家的電視台，

They had such good infrastructure that even at the time they had

因此我記得收看到鄰國 南非的電視節目，

a fiber-optic telephone system,

看到了曼德拉在監獄中 被人給了一個機會能夠出來，

long before it had reached Western countries.

前提是他要能放棄對種族隔離的抗爭。

The only thing they didn't have

不過他沒有放棄、他拒絕了，

is that they didn't have

待在獄中直到他真的達成目標：

their own national television station,

從種族隔離中解放了南非人。

and so I remember watching

而且我記得感受到 就只是有著一個好領導人，

TV from neighboring South Africa,

竟能帶給非洲如此大的改變。

and watching Nelson Mandela in jail

後來我十二歲的時候，

being offered a chance to come out

我的家人送我去辛巴威讀高中，

if he would give up the apartheid struggle.

起先這邊也是一樣棒透了的，

But he didn't. He refused to do that

不停成長的經濟、優質的基礎建設，

until he actually achieved his objective

它就像是非洲在經濟發展上的楷模。

of freeing South Africa from apartheid.

我就從辛巴威的高中畢業了，

And I remember feeling how just one good leader

離開了辛巴威去唸大學；

could make such a big difference in Africa.

六年後我重新回到了這個國家，

Then at the age of 12,

一切都走樣了，

my family sent me to high school in Zimbabwe.

它被破壞得分崩離析，

Initially, this too was amazing:

已經有數百萬人遷出了，

growing economy, excellent infrastructure,

經濟是一片混亂，

and it seemed like it was a model

它看起來像是30年的經濟發展

for economic development in Africa.

霎時間都被破壞掉了！

I graduated from high school in Zimbabwe

一個國家怎麼能這麼快 就變得如此悽慘呢?

and I went off to college.

大部分人都會認同全都是因為領導風範，

Six years later, I returned to the country.

有一個人─ 總統羅伯特‧穆加比，

Everything was different.

幾乎得對摧毀這個國家負上全責。

It had shattered into pieces.

今天生活在非洲各地的成長經驗，

Millions of people had emigrated,

對我學到兩件事情，

the economy was in a shambles,

第一是它讓我愛上了非洲，

and it seemed all of a sudden that 30 years

每處我到過的地方，

of development had been wiped out.

我都體驗到我們大陸絕妙的美麗，

How could a country go so bad so fast?

看到我們人民的適應力以及熱情，

Most people would agree

而在那時候我就明白我要投入我的餘生

that it's all because of leadership.

來使這塊大陸變棒。

One man, President Robert Mugabe,

不過我也瞭解要讓非洲變棒，

is almost single-handedly responsible

將需要處理領導風範這個議題，

for having destroyed this country.

你也都知道我曾經住過的國家，

Now, all these experiences of living in different

我在迦納、甘比亞還有辛巴威曾經看過

parts of Africa growing up

軍事政變還有貪污；

did two things to me.

相較於我在波扎那還有南非看過的

The first is it made me fall in love with Africa.

好領導風範之絕佳例子，

Everywhere I went,

讓我明白了非洲將會因為領導人的素質

I experienced the wonderful beauty of our continent

而躍升或是殞落，

and saw the resilience and the spirit of our people,

可能有人會說：「那當然！

and at the time, I realized that I wanted to dedicate

在任何地方領導風範都是重要的」；

the rest of my life to making this continent great.

可是如果你有在我今天的 談話裡學到什麼，

But I also realized that making Africa great

那就是非洲更甚於世界上的任何地方，

would require addressing this issue of leadership.

只是有著一個好領導者 而能做到的改變，

You see, all these countries I lived in,

要比在其他任何地方還要了不得，

the coups d'état

原因在這裡， 因為在非洲我們有孱弱的體制，

and the corruption I'd seen in Ghana and Gambia

就像司法、憲政、公民社會諸如此類者。

and in Zimbabwe,

所以我所篤信的經驗法則是

contrasted with the wonderful examples I had seen

當社會存有堅強的體制時，

in Botswana and in South Africa of good leadership.

好的領導者能做的改變是有限的；

It made me realize that Africa would rise or fall

但是當社會有著孱弱的體制時，

because of the quality of our leaders.

就只要有著一個好的領導人，

Now, one might think, of course,

他就能成就或毀掉那個國家。

leadership matters everywhere.

讓我來講更具體些吧，

But if there's one thing you take away from my talk today, it is this:

你變成了美國的總統，

In Africa, more than anywhere else in the world,

你想著：「哇！我做到了！

the difference that just one good leader can make

我是世界上最有權力的人了！」

is much greater than anywhere else, and here's why.

所以你決定好 「或許讓我來通過一條法律吧！」

It's because in Africa, we have weak institutions,

突然間國會就拍了一下你的肩膀，

like the judiciary, the constitution,

說了：「不行！不行！你不能這樣做！」

civil society and so forth.

你說：「讓我換個方式好了」，

So here's a general rule of thumb that I believe in:

參議院就出現了以及說：

When societies have strong institutions,

「我們不認為你能這樣做啦！」

the difference that one good leader can make is limited,

你說：「也許讓我來多印些鈔票吧，

but when you have weak institutions,

我認為經濟需要有一些激勵！」

then just one good leader

央行行長會認為你瘋了，

can make or break that country.

你還可能因為這樣被彈劾。

Let me make it a bit more concrete.

但是假如你是辛巴威的總統，

You become the president of the United States.

你說：「我真的很喜歡這個工作，

You think, "Wow, I've arrived.

我認為我會想要永久一直做下去的。」 (笑聲)

I'm the most powerful man in the world."

沒錯！你就是可以的！

So you decide, perhaps let me pass a law.

你決定要印鈔票，

All of a sudden, Congress taps you on the shoulder

你打個電話給中央銀行的行長，

and says, "No, no, no, no, no, you can't do that."

你說：「請將鈔票的供給量加一倍」，

You say, "Let me try this way."

他就會說：「遵命！長官，

The Senate comes and says, "Uh-uh,

是否還有其他事情是我可以為你做的?」

we don't think you can do that."

這就是非洲的領導人們所擁有的權力，

You say, perhaps, "Let me print some money.

這就是為什麼他們能在這塊大陸

I think the economy needs a stimulus."

做出最多的改變，

The central bank governor will think you're crazy.

好消息是在非洲領導風範 的素質已經在改善了的，

You might get impeached for that.

在我的印象中我們有著 三個世代的領導人，

But if you become the president of Zimbabwe,

第一個世代是那些出現在 1950-60年代者，

and you say, "You know, I really like this job.

這些人像是迦納的夸梅·恩克鲁瑪、

I think I'd like to stay in it forever." (Laughter)

坦尚尼亞的朱利葉斯・尼雷爾，

Well, you just can.

他們遺留的成就是他們把 獨立帶給了非洲，

You decide you want to print money.

他們從殖民主義中解放了我們，

You call the central bank governor and you say,

讓我們為這個來讚揚他們。

"Please double the money supply."

緊接在他們後面是第二個世代，

He'll say, "Okay, yes, sir,

這些是除了破壞、混亂外 什麼也沒帶給非洲的人，

is there anything else I can do for you?"

想看看戰爭、貪污、違反人權等，

This is the power that African leaders have,

這是傳統的非洲領導人的刻板印象，

and this is why they make the most difference

我們總是想到薩伊的蒙博托·塞塞·塞科、

on the continent.

奈及利亞的薩尼·阿巴查，

The good news is that

好消息是這群領導人大多已經不在位了，

the quality of leadership in Africa has been improving.

他們被第三個世代的領導人所取代了，

We've had three generations of leaders, in my mind.

這些人像是近代的尼爾森‧曼德拉、

Generation one are those who appeared

還有大部分今天我們在非洲 所看到的領導人們，

in the '50s and '60s.

像是保羅·卡加梅...等等；

These are people like Kwame Nkrumah of Ghana

這些領導人也稱不上完美，

and Julius Nyerere of Tanzania.

不過他們所做到的一件事

The legacy they left is that they brought independence to Africa.

是他們已經整理好大部分 第二世代造成的亂象，

They freed us from colonialism,

他們停止了戰爭，

and let's give them credit for that.

我叫他們「比較穩定世代」，

They were followed by generation two.

對人民來說他們可信得多了，

These are people that brought nothing

他們已經改善了總體經濟的政策，

but havoc to Africa.

而且我們首次看見非洲的經濟成長，

Think warfare, corruption, human rights abuses.

實際上它還是世界上第二快 的經濟成長區域。

This is the stereotype of the typical African leader

所以這些領導人一點也稱不上完美，

that we typically think of:

不過他們絕大多數是近50年來

Mobutu Sese Seko from Zaire,

我們所知道的最佳領導人。

Sani Abacha from Nigeria.

那麼接下來呢?

The good news is that most of these leaders have moved on,

我相信接在這個世代後面的世代，

and they were replaced by generation three.

也就是第四代，

These are people like the late Nelson Mandela

有一個轉變這塊大陸的難得機會，

and most of the leaders that we see in Africa today,

特別是他們能做到前面世代 還沒做到過的兩件事的話。

like Paul Kagame and so forth.

第一件他們需要做的事，

Now these leaders are by no means perfect,

是他們需要創造富足給這片大陸，

but the one thing they have done is that they have

為什麼富足如此重要?

cleaned up much of the mess of generation two.

因為先前的世代都沒有人 有辦法處理好貧窮的問題，

They've stopped the fighting,

今天的非洲有著全世界成長最快人口，

and I call them the stabilizer generation.

不過也是最窮的國家，

They're much more accountable to their people,

等到2030年時非洲會有 比中國還多的勞動力，

they've improved macroeconomic policies,

到了2050年它會有 世界上最多的勞動力，

and we are seeing for the first time

非洲將會有10億人口需要有工作，

Africa's growing, and in fact it's the second fastest

所以假如我們不趕緊提升我們的經濟，

growing economic region in the world.

我們就是坐在一顆定時炸彈上，

So these leaders are by no means perfect,

不只是對非洲，對整個世界也一樣。

but they are by and large

讓我舉個例子給你看，

the best leaders we've seen in the last 50 years.

有一個人做得就跟打造富足的 成就一樣棒：拉堤莎，

So where to from here?

她是來自肯亞的年輕女孩子，

I believe that the next generation

在13歲的時候就輟學了，

to come after this, generation four,

因為她們家沒有辦法幫她付學費，

has a unique opportunity

因此她展開了自己的生意－飼養兔子，

to transform the continent.

在肯亞她所住的那個區塊把這變成佳餚，

Specifically, they can do two things

這門生意不到一年就發展得很好了，

that previous generations have not done.

她雇用了15個女人，

The first thing they need to do

而且能夠積攢足夠的營收，

is they need to create prosperity for the continent.

讓她有能力送自己回去上學，

Why is prosperity so important?

而且又透過這些員工

Because none of the previous generations

資助其他65位的孩子去唸書，

have been able to tackle this issue of poverty.

她所積攢的利潤被她拿來蓋學校，

Africa today

今天她讓她們社區的400個小孩有書讀，

has the fastest growing population in the world,

而且她才剛滿18歲而已。

but also is the poorest.

(掌聲)

By 2030, Africa will have a larger workforce than China,

另一個例子是艾瑞可‧芮喬奈利，

and by 2050, it will have the largest workforce in the world.

艾瑞可來自馬達加斯加的小島，

One billion people will need jobs in Africa,

艾瑞可明白農業會是在 馬達加斯加的農村地區

so if we don't grow our economies fast enough,

創造出工作的關鍵。

we're sitting on a ticking time bomb,

可是他也明白對大多數的 馬達加斯加農夫而言

not just for Africa but for the entire world.

肥料是非常花錢的開銷；

Let me show you an example

馬達加斯加有非常特別的蝙蝠

of one person who is living up to this legacy

會產生非常有養分的糞便，

of creating prosperity: Laetitia.

在2006年艾瑞可辭掉了 執業會計師的工作，

Laetitia's a young woman from Kenya

成立了用蝙蝠的糞便製造肥料的公司，

who at the age of 13 had to drop out of school

如今艾瑞可已經打造出

because her family couldn't afford to pay fees for her.

能收到好幾百萬美金收入的公司，

So she started her own business rearing rabbits,

而且他全職雇用了70個人，

which happen to be a delicacy in this part of Kenya

還有在蝙蝠排泄最多糞便的 季節另外聘用的800人，

that she's from.

我最喜歡這故事的地方，

This business did so well that within a year,

是它證明了創造富足的機會 幾乎隨處都能發現，

she was employing 15 women

艾瑞可就被當成蝙蝠俠了。

and was able to generate enough income

(笑聲...)

that she was able to send herself to school,

有誰曾經想過你能設立 有好幾百萬美金的公司，

and through these women

只是靠蝙蝠的糞便就雇用了許多人。

fund another 65 children to go to school.

這個世代需要做到的第二件事情

The profits that she generated,

是建立我們的體制，

she used that to build a school,

他們一定得建立這些體制，

and today she educates

那我們就永遠不會再受制於

400 children in her community.

像羅伯特‧穆加比這些少數人了。

And she's just turned 18.

這些全部聽起來很棒，

(Applause)

但是我們要到哪裡找到這些第四世代呢?

Another example is Erick Rajaonary.

難道我們就乾坐盼望他們碰巧的出現嗎?

Erick comes from the island of Madagascar.

或是上帝會把他們帶來給我們嗎?

Now, Erick realized that agriculture

錯了，我不這麼認為，

would be the key to creating jobs

這問題對我們來說重要到 不能放任它偶然發生，

in the rural areas of Madagascar,

我深信我們必需建立非洲本土的體制，

but he also realized that fertilizer was a very

那將會在一個有系統、務實的方法下

expensive input for most farmers in Madagascar.

找出以及栽培這些領導人，

Madagascar has these very special bats

我們透過了「非洲領導力學院」

that produce these droppings

做這些事情已有十年之久，

that are very high in nutrients.

拉堤莎就是其中一位我們的年輕領導人，

In 2006, Erick quit his job as a chartered accountant

今天我們有700位的年輕領導人， 他們被培訓來給非洲大陸所用，

and started a company to manufacture

而接下來的五十年內，

fertilizer from the bat droppings.

我們預計教出6,000位這樣的人，

Today, Erick has built a business

不過有件事情一直在困擾著我，

that generates several million dollars of revenue,

我們一年大概會收到4,000份 入學申請書，

and he employs 70 people full time

為了申請我們可以收進學院的 100位年輕領導人的名額，

and another 800 people during the season

我看到了有非常巨大的需求存在，

when the bats drop their droppings the most.

就為了參加我們提供的領導人訓練。

Now, what I like about this story

但是我們無法滿足這個需求，

is that it shows that opportunities to create prosperity

所以今天我要公開做出首次的聲明，

can be found almost anywhere.

非洲領導力學院為了這願景 的擴建計畫，

Erick is known as the Batman.

我們計畫要在非洲建立25間全新的大學，

(Laughter)

打算栽培出下個世代的非洲領導人們，

And who would have thought that you would have

每個校園我們會同時有 10,000名的領導人學生，

been able to build a multimillion-dollar business

這麼一來我們在任何時點都可以 教育、栽培出25萬位的領導人，

employing so many people just from bat poo?

(掌聲)

The second thing that this generation needs to do

經過接下來的五十年，

is to create our institutions.

我們創造的這個機構可以為非洲大陸 產生300萬位有改造力的領導人。

They need to build these institutions such that we

我的希望是他們中的半數

are never held to ransom again

會成為我們需要的企業家，

by a few individuals like Robert Mugabe.

創造出我們需要的工作；

Now, all of this sounds great,

而另外那一半會進入政府和非營利部門，

but where are we going to get this generation four from?

而他們會建立我們所需要有的體制。

Do we just sit and hope that they emerge

而且他們不會只有學唸書，

by chance, or that God gives them to us?

他們也會學習如何成為領導人、

No, I don't think so.

以及他們會培養出企業家的技能。

It's too important an issue for us to leave it to chance.

所以把這想成是非洲的長春藤聯盟，

I believe that we need to create African institutions,

不過被錄取卻非是因為你的SAT成績、

home-grown, that will identify and develop

你多有錢、或是你的出身，

these leaders in a systematic, practical way.

進入這間大學主要的標準，

We've been doing this for the last 10 years

是你有什麼樣的潛能來轉變非洲。

through the African Leadership Academy.

但是我們所正在做的只有一小群的體制，

Laetitia is one of our young leaders.

我們無法靠自己轉變非洲，

Today, we have 700 of them that are being groomed

我的希望是本土許許多多 的其他非洲體制也會興旺，

for the African continent,

這些體制將會一起合作，

and over the next 50 years,

秉持同樣的願景： 培養下個世代的非洲領導人，

we expect to create 6,000 of them.

也就是第四個世代。

But one thing has been troubling me.

他們會教給他們這個共同的訊息：

We would get about 4,000 applications a year

「創造工作、建立自己的體制」，

for 100 young leaders that we could take

尼爾森‧曼德拉曾經說過：

into this academy,

「有時候某個世代會被拜請要傑出，

and so I saw the tremendous hunger that existed

你可以成為傑出的一代。」