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Albert Einstein played a key role in launching quantum mechanics to his theory of photoelectric effect.
阿爾伯特˙愛因斯坦是把量子力學引進光電效應的關鍵人物
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But remains deeply bothered by its philosophical implications.
卻對其中隱含的達觀意義百思不得其解
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And though most of us still still remember him for deriving e equal m c square.
愛因斯坦以相對論(E=mc2)聞名世界
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His last contribution to physics was actually a 1935 paper.
但他和另外兩位年輕同事鮑里斯˙波多爾斯基、納森˙羅森在1935年合著的論文
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Co-author with his young colleague - Boris Podolsky and Nathan Rosen.
才是他在世時對物理學的最後一個貢獻
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Regarded as an art philosophical foot note well into the 1980s.
論文堪稱1980年代詮釋藝術哲學的代表之作
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This EPR paper has recently become central to a new understanding of quantum physics.
我們現在知道論文提到的怪異現象叫做「糾纏狀態」
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With its description of a strange phenomenon now known as entangled states.
進而對量子物理學有了新的認識
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The paper begins by considering a source that splits out the pair of particles
EPR開頭說一個母體分裂出兩個粒子
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Each with two measurable properties.
兩粒子各有兩個可測量的屬性
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Each of these measurements has two possible results of equal probability.
測量的結果有兩種可能性
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Let’s say zero or one for the first probability and A or B for the second.
假設第一種結果叫做0或1,第二種結果則稱為A或B
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Once a measurements is performed, subsequent measurement of the same properties in the same particle will yelled the same result.
第一種量測方法結束後 執行第二種量測方法 測量同個粒子的同個性質 會得到相同結果
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The strange application of this scenario is not only the state of the single particle
這實驗假設單一粒子測量前
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Is indeterminate until it’s measured.
狀態是不明確的
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But that the measurement then determine the state
測量決定了粒子狀態
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What’s more the measurements affect each others.
測量本身還會互相干擾
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If you measure a particle as being in state one and followed it up with the second type of measurement
例如: 測量後發現粒子的狀態是1 此時再用第二種標準測量
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You’ll have a fifty percent chance of getting either A or B.
會得到A或B其中一個結果
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But if you then repeat the first measurement,
但重複第一種測量方法
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You’ll have a fifty percent chance of getting zero
得到的結果卻不一定是1 雖然第一次測的結果是1
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Even that the particle have already been measured one.
你還是有50%的機會得到0
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So switching the properties been measured scramble the original results.
所以突然變換測量的屬性可能顛覆最初結果
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Allowing for a new random value.
產生任意新數值
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Things get even stranger when you look at both particles.
考慮兩個粒子時 就更奇怪了
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Each of the particle will produce random results, but if you compare the two
比較兩粒子隨機產生的結果
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You’ll find that they’re always perfect league correlated.
會發現它們永遠相關聯、互補
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For example, if both particle are measured at zero.
假如兩粒子的測量結果都是0
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The relationship will always hold.
關係就會一直存在
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The states of the two are entangled.
兩者狀態互相影響
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Measuring one will tell you the other with absolute certainty.
測量其中一個 就能準確預測另一個
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But this entanglement seems to defy Einstein’s famous theory of relativity
但量子糾纏說 似乎違背了鼎鼎有名的相對論
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Because there is nothing to limit the distance between particles.
因為後者說 粒子間的距離不受控制
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If you measure one in New York at noon, and the other in San Fransinco and then the second later
舉例來說: 中午在紐約的測量 和稍後在舊金山的測量結果
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They still give the exactly same result.
兩者一樣
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But if the measurement does the terminate value then this will require one particle sending some sort of signal to the other
測量若真能決定某些數字 就代表粒子能以光速1300萬倍的速度
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At thirteen million time the speed of light which according to relativity is impossible.
傳達某種信號給別的粒子 在相對論裡 這是不可能的事
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For this reason, Einstein dismiss entanglement as ‘spuckhafte ferwirklung’
因此愛因斯坦認定量子糾纏是「spuckhafte ferwirklung」
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Or ‘spooky action at a distance’
也就是「鬼魅般的超距作用」
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He decided that the quantum mechanics must be incomplete a mere approximation of a deeper reality.
他說量子力學無法解釋的 只有那粗略評估出的深奧現實
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In which all particles have pre-determine states that are hidden from us.
所有粒子都處於特定的狀態 只是我們沒注意到
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So porter of orthodox quantum theory led by Neil Bohr maintain that quantum state really are fundamentally indeterminate
尼爾斯˙波爾是傳統量子力論的擁護者 他始終認為粒子原來沒有特定性質
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And entanglement allows the states of one particle to depend on that the distance partner
而量子糾纏說允許這顆粒子受到那顆粒子的影響
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For thirty years, physics remained at in past until John Bell
30年來 物理學家也都深信不疑 直到約翰˙貝爾發現
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Figured it out that the key to testing the EPR argument was to look in cases involving different measurements on the two particles
探討EPR論調的關鍵是「用兩種方法測量兩個粒子」
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The local hidden variable theories favored by Einstein Podolsky and Rosen
愛因斯坦和另兩人偏好的隱變量理論
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Strictly limited how often you can get results like 1A or B0
局限了得到1A或B0結果的機率
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Because the outcome would have to be defined in advance
因為該理論把結果都先設定好了
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Bell showed that the purely quantum approach where the state is truly indeterminate until measured has different limits
貝爾說之前的量子力學假設粒子的狀態要測量後才能得知 這樣有諸多限制
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And predicts measurement results that are impossible in the pre-determine scenario
如果粒子本身有特定性質 那假設結果就沒有意義
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Once Bell had worked out how to test the EPR argument physicists went out and did it.
貝爾發現驗證EPR論點的方法後 物理學家紛紛跟進
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Beginning with John Clauster in the seventies and Alain Aspect in the early 80s
70年代打頭陣的約翰˙克勞澤(註: 美國物理學家)、80年代初期的阿蘭˙阿斯佩(註: 法國物理學家)
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Dozens of experiments has tested the EPR prediction and all have found the same thing
許多人都實驗了論文中的假設 結果如出一轍
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Quantum mechanics is correct.
量子力學正確
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The correlations between the indeterminate states of entangle particles are real
糾纏的兩粒子之間那未確定狀態的關聯 也正確
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And cannot be explained by any deeper variable
但無法應用在艱深的變數上
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The EPR paper turned out to be wrong but brilliantly sell
EPR論文有紕漏 卻曾為許多人稱頌
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By leading physicists to think deeply about the foundations of quantum physics
領頭的物理學家們藉由思考量子物理學的基礎
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It led to further elaborations of the theory and help launch research into subjects like quantum information
讓理論更完善 也開啟了量子資訊之類的研究
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Now a thriving field with the potential to develop computers of unparallel power
現在這領域日漸茁壯 將來可能開發出能力無與倫比的電腦
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Unfortunately, the random of measure results prevent science fiction scenario like using entangle particles
不幸的是 測量結果的隨機性證明了科幻小說中
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To send messages faster than light.
「糾纏粒子可超越光速傳遞訊息」的情節安排是個錯誤
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So relativities is save for now but the quantum universe is far stranger than Einstein wanted to believe
相對論的地位目前還不可動搖 但量子宇宙可比愛因斯坦想的還要複雜太多了