One half of the island of Hispaniola, this Caribbean nation is one of the most diverse

伊斯帕尼奧拉島的一半，這個加勒比國家是最多樣化的國家之一。

nations on Earth.

地球上的國家。

Visitors will find a unique cultural history, a beautiful landscape, and flavorful food.

在這裡，遊客可以看到獨特的文化歷史、美麗的風景和美味的食物。

They'll also find a deep folklore that may hold some dark secrets.

他們也會發現一個深奧的民間傳說，可能會有一些黑暗的祕密。

Haiti is one of the birthplaces of Vodou, an African diasporic religion that combines

海地是伏都教的發源地之一。

worship of Yoruba gods and Roman Catholic saints.

對約魯巴神和羅馬天主教聖徒的崇拜；

But it also has a reputation surrounding the supernatural, with legends surrounding possession,

但它也有圍繞超自然的名聲，有圍繞附身的傳說。

exorcism, and magical healing.

驅魔，和神奇的治療。

Even possibly...zombies.

甚至可能是......殭屍。

Zombies!

殭屍！

Well, maybe not the ones you're thinking of.

嗯，也許不是你想的那些。

Most modern depictions of zombies have them as part of a fast-spreading plague.

大多數現代殭屍的描述都是將它們作為快速傳播的瘟疫的一部分。

When someone gets bitten by the undead, they soon become a slow-moving, hungry monster

當有人被亡靈咬傷時，他們很快就會變成一個行動緩慢、飢餓的怪物。

themselves, seeking brains - and to spread the plague.

他們自己，尋找大腦--並傳播瘟疫。

But these weren't the first zombies.

但這不是第一個殭屍。

The zombies first mentioned in Haitian folklore were the undead, but they weren't created

海地民間傳說中最早提到的殭屍是亡靈，但他們並不是被創造出來的。

by a virus.

由病毒。

They were brought back from the dead by magic, usually to serve as a priest's slave.

他們被魔法從死人中復活，通常是作為牧師的奴隸。

The fear of being turned into a zombie was widespread, and slave owners before slavery

人們普遍擔心自己會變成殭屍，奴隸制前的奴隸主

was abolished used to threaten their captives that they would be kept around as a zombie

曾經威脅他們的俘虜說，他們會被當作殭屍留在這裡

if they committed suicide.

如果他們自殺了。

But this isn't possible...is it?

但這不可能......吧？

The idea of raising the dead doesn't have any evidence in its favor, but another theory

起死回生的想法沒有任何證據支持，但另一種理論則是

about the existence of zombies has gained attention.

關於殭屍的存在已經引起了人們的關注。

What if these undead weren't dead at all?

如果這些亡靈根本沒有死呢？

What if they were captive, enslaved humans who had been turned into the living dead by

如果他們是被俘虜的，被奴役的人類，他們已經被變成了活死人

alchemy, poisons, and maybe a little magic we didn't understand?

鍊金術，毒藥，也許還有一點我們不懂的魔法？

It still seems rather far-fetched.

這看起來還是相當牽強的。

Except that there's one person who may have lived this nightmare.

只是，有一個人可能經歷過這個噩夢。

It was 1962 when a Hatian man arrived in a hospital deeply sick.

那是1962年，一個哈天人到了醫院，病得很重。

He was identified as Clairvius Narcisse, and it soon became clear that he likely wouldn't

他的身份是Clairvius Narcisse 很快就發現他很可能不會...

be leaving.

即將離開。

His fever got worse, and he began spitting up blood.

他的發燒越來越嚴重，開始吐血。

His condition deteriorated for a few days until he passed away, and this proceeded normally

他的病情惡化了幾天，直到他去世，這一切都正常地進行著。

from there.

從那裡。

His body was placed in the morgue, and he was later buried.

他的屍體被放在太平間，後來被埋葬。

That seemed to be the end of the story.

這似乎是故事的結局。

But it wasn't.

但它不是。

And eighteen years later, it took a bizarre turn.

而十八年後，它卻發生了詭異的變化。

It was 1980, and Angelina Narcisse had long ago mourned her brother and moved on with

那是1980年，安吉麗娜-納西絲早已悼念她的哥哥，並與之繼續前進。

her life.

她的生活。

She was shocked when a mysterious man arrived in the city of L'Estere and proclaimed himself

當一個神祕的男人來到L'Estere城，並宣稱自己的時候，她很震驚。

to be Clairvius.

是Clairvius。

She had no reason to believe him - until he told her his childhood nickname, and proceeded

她沒有理由相信他--直到他告訴她他童年時的綽號，然後繼續說

to give her and other villagers information he would have no way of knowing if he wasn't

給她和其他村民提供資訊，如果不是他根本無從得知

who he claimed to be.

他自稱是誰。

But he had been dead and buried.

但他已經死了，而且被埋葬了。

What could explain his bizarre resurrection?

有什麼可以解釋他離奇的復活？

The story he would tell was even stranger than his return.

他要講的故事比他回來的時候更奇怪。

He had been buried, but he hadn't been dead.

他已經被埋葬了，但他還沒有死。

Clairvius claimed that he had undergone a mysterious illness that left him completely

克萊爾維烏斯聲稱，他經歷了一場神祕的疾病，使他完全喪失了能力

paralyzed and appearing dead, but he was fully conscious as they buried him in the ground.

癱瘓了，看起來是死了，但他們把他埋在地下時，他完全清醒了。

Then, after he was given up for dead, he had been dug up from the ground and force-fed

然後，在他被放棄死亡後，他被從地下挖出，並被強行餵食。

a mysterious paste by a bokor, or witch doctor.

巫醫的神祕膏藥。

The doctor had plans for him, and he was soon introduced to his new place in life - as a

醫生對他有了計劃，很快就把他介紹給了他的新的生活場所--作為一個。

slave on a sugar plantation.

蔗糖種植園的奴隸。

But why didn't he escape?

但他為什麼不逃跑？

The bokor kept him and all the other slaves pacified with regular doses of a mysterious

博克爾讓他和其他所有的奴隸定期服用一種神祕的藥物來安撫他們

drug.

藥物。

It made him hallucinate, caused him to lose his memories, and kept him in a fugue state

這讓他產生了幻覺，讓他失去了記憶，讓他一直處於昏迷的狀態中

that he could barely remember - along with dozens of other captives.

他幾乎不記得了，還有其他幾十個俘虜。

He couldn't even realize he was a prisoner and scheme to escape, because his mind was

他甚至不能意識到自己是一個囚犯，並計劃逃跑，因為他的頭腦是。

no longer his own.

不再是他自己的。

The only saving grace?

唯一的救命恩典？

The witch doctor was a mortal, and no potion could fix that.

巫醫是個凡人，任何丹藥都無法解決這個問題。

Eventually, after sixteen long years of slavery, Clairvius' enslaver died and there was no

最終，在經歷了長達16年的奴役之後，克萊爾維烏斯的奴隸死了，也就沒有了。

one left to give him the drug that took away his mind.

只剩下一個人給他服用奪走他心智的藥物。

The witch doctor's wife then fed salt to the enslaved and released them from the curse.

巫醫的妻子就給被奴役的人喂鹽，讓他們擺脫詛咒。

Clairvius remembered everything and ran back to his hometown to find his family.

克萊爾維斯想起了一切，於是跑回故鄉去找家人。

With such a wild story, it's unlikely people would believe him - right?

如此狂妄的故事，人們不可能相信他--對嗎？

Surprisingly, no.

令人驚訝的是，沒有。

Many people familiar with the stories around voodoo magic in Haiti were familiar with the

在海地，很多人都熟悉圍繞巫毒魔法的故事。

legends around zombies and thought his story was entirely possible.

圍繞殭屍的傳說，並認為他的故事是完全可能的。

Complicating it, there were stories that those who violated the rules of society were more

複雜的是，有故事說，那些違反社會規則的人更。

vulnerable to the punishment of being turned into a zombie - and Narcisse was notorious

容易受到變成殭屍的懲罰--而Narcisse是出了名的。

for fathering children and abandoning them.

因其為人父並遺棄子女；

He claimed his soul had been taken by the sorcerer, and even accused his estranged brother

他聲稱自己的靈魂已經被巫師帶走了，甚至指責他的離異兄弟。

of masterminding his poisoning to get an inheritance.

的主謀下毒，以獲得遺產。

But one thing was sure - the villagers did recognize Clairvius Narcisse, and everyone

但有一點可以肯定的是--村民們確實認出了克萊爾維烏斯-納西斯，而且大家

was sure this was actually him, returned from the dead.

確信這其實是他，死而復生。

The only question was - how?

唯一的問題是--怎麼做？

While stories like this may have circulated for centuries before, this was 1980 and news

雖然這樣的故事可能已經流傳了幾個世紀，但這是1980年的新聞。

traveled fast.

走得很快。

The strange story of Clairvius Narcisse reached foreign shores, and doctors wanted to investigate.

Clairvius Narcisse的奇聞傳到了國外，醫生們想調查。

The first to look into the case was Haitian psychiatrist Lamarque Douyon, who firmly rejected

第一個調查此案的是海地精神病學家Lamarque Douyon，他堅定地反對

the idea of any supernatural influence.

任何超自然影響的想法。

However, there were too many stories of zombies around Haiti for it to simply be a coincidence.

不過，海地周邊有太多殭屍的故事，這只是一個巧合。

He believed this was a case of poisoning and kidnapping.

他認為這是一起中毒和綁架案。

There was just one unanswered question - how did Narcisse escape death.

只是有一個未解之謎--納西塞是如何逃脫死亡的。

The hospital he had died in was operated by American medical staff, and there were strong

他死的那家醫院是由美國醫護人員經營的，有強烈的。

records of his decline, death, and storage for burial.

他的衰落、死亡和儲存安葬的記錄。

Was there a poison out there that could simulate death itself?

難道有一種毒藥可以模擬死亡本身？

There was much debate, but one figure in particular emerged as a voice of belief.

爭論不休，但有一個人物特別出現，成為信念的代言人。

Wade Davis, a Harvard ethnobotany student from Canada, had devoted his studies to the

來自加拿大的哈佛大學人種植物學專業學生韋德-戴維斯，曾專門研究加拿大人種植物學。

unique properties of plants and how they're used in traditional medicine and religion.

植物的獨特屬性以及它們在傳統醫學和宗教中的應用。

He studied the documents surrounding Narcisse's supposed death and communicated with Dr. Douyon.

他研究了圍繞Narcisse所謂死亡的文件，並與Douyon博士溝通。

He knew he would have to travel to Haiti to investigate this bizarre case personally.

他知道自己必須要去海地親自調查這個離奇的案件。

He soon developed a theory that was scary for how plausible it was.

他很快就發展出了一套理論，這套理論的可信度很嚇人。

Davis' background in botany led him to believe that the chemical properties of plants could

戴維斯在植物學方面的背景使他相信植物的化學特性可以使他的工作更有意義。

create a state that would duplicate the effects of supposedly supernatural zombies.

創造一種狀態，會重複所謂的超自然殭屍的效果。

He met with experts in traditional medicine, listened to stories of zombie folklore, and

他會見了傳統醫學方面的專家，聽了殭屍的民間故事，並。

learned of a supposed “zombie powder” that was used to poison people.

得知有一種所謂的 "殭屍粉 "是用來毒害人的。

It had a bizarre list of ingredients.

它有一個奇怪的成分清單。

It included puffer fish, lizards, a toad, a dried sea worm, the species of several plants

它包括河豚、蜥蜴、蟾蜍、幹海蟲、幾種植物的種類。

from Haiti, and material from a corpse.

來自海地的，還有一具屍體的材料。

Davis spoke of how he witnessed the skull of a dead infant be used in the potion.

戴維斯談到了他是如何目睹一個死嬰的頭骨被用在藥水中的。

However, he soon zeroed in on one ingredient in particular.

然而，他很快就把目光鎖定在一種特殊的原料上。

Pufferfish are strange creatures which are a delicacy in some cultures.

河豚是一種奇怪的生物，在一些文化中是一種美食。

But they have to be eaten very carefully, because parts of them contain tetrodotoxin.

但必須非常小心地吃，因為它們的一部分含有河豚毒素。

This highly potent neurotoxin is found in some of the most poisonous animals on Earth

這種強效的神經毒素在地球上一些最毒的動物身上都能找到。

- and even a small amount can have a devastating effect.

- 而且即使是很小的量也會產生毀滅性的影響。

The fast-acting poison blocks the sodium channels in the nervous system, which keeps the signals

速效毒藥阻斷了神經系統中的鈉離子通道，從而保證了信號的傳遞。

between the body and the brain from transmitting.

身體和大腦之間，從傳輸。

The victim is slowly paralyzed, with the poison eventually affecting the muscles that control

受害者會慢慢癱瘓，毒藥最終會影響到控制肌肉。

breathing and killing them.

呼吸和殺害他們。

There is no antidote, but people have recovered when medical help is available to keep them

雖然沒有解藥，但如果有醫護人員的幫助，人已經康復了，可以保住自己的身體

alive until the poison wears off.

活著，直到毒藥消失。

Could Narcisse's “death” have been a close call with tetrodotoxin?

那西塞的 "死亡 "會不會是與河豚毒素親密接觸？

It's possible, because someone can be exposed through many means - through ingestion, injection,

這是有可能的，因為有人可以通過很多途徑暴露--通過攝取、注射。

through a wound in the skin, or even through breathing in a powder.

通過皮膚上的傷口，甚至通過吸入粉末。

It's not clear if Narcisse could have survived a near-death experience without medical intervention,

不清楚如果沒有醫療干預，納西斯是否能在瀕死體驗中倖存下來。

but the symptoms were similar enough that Davis believed it was the likeliest situation.

但症狀很相似，戴維斯認為這是最可能的情況。

Bufotoxin, a toxin derived from toads, may have also been involved.

從蟾蜍身上提取的毒素Bufotoxin也可能與此有關。

Narcisse didn't waver from his story and the medical reports seemed clear - but it

Narcisse並沒有動搖他的故事，醫療報告似乎也很清楚--但它

didn't explain everything.

並沒有解釋一切。

How would someone be mind-controlled for sixteen years?

一個人怎麼會被精神控制十六年？

Davis soon came to believe that Narcisse's time as a zombie may have been related to

戴維斯很快就開始相信納西斯作為殭屍的時間可能與以下幾點有關

another poison - one that can be found in many of our backyards.

另一種毒藥--在我們的許多後院裡都能找到。

Datura, a poisonous plant also known as jimsonweed, has a long history of being used as a hallucinogen

大花，一種有毒的植物，也被稱為金森草，被用作致幻劑的歷史悠久

and a poison.

和毒藥。

Many traditional religions took controlled amounts of this plant as part of religious

許多傳統宗教將控制量的這種植物作為宗教的一部分。

rites, despite it being a gamble every time.

儀式，儘管它每次都是一場賭博。

The plant is psychoactive and can cause delirium, hallucinations, and even psychosis - and overdoses

這種植物具有精神活性，可以導致譫妄、幻覺，甚至是精神錯亂--------過量服用

can cause death.

會導致死亡。

Those who become intoxicated by it become unable to tell fantasy from reality.

那些為之沉醉的人，會變得分不清幻想和現實。

Could a consistent dose of this poison, administered by someone who knew how to avoid a fatal dose,

這種毒藥的劑量是否可以一致，由懂得避開致命劑量的人施用。

keep someone in a perpetual state of delirium that would make them a zombie-like slave?

讓一個人永遠處於神志不清的狀態，會讓他們成為殭屍一樣的奴隸？

That depends on who you ask.

那要看你問誰了。

Wade Davis' theory of the strange case of Clairvius Narcisse made him famous, and he

韋德-戴維斯對克萊爾維烏斯-納西斯奇案的理論使他名聲大噪，而他

soon published a book titled “The Serpent and the Rainbow”, which he claimed to be

很快就出版了一本名為《蛇與虹》的書，他自稱是《蛇與虹》。

a true story of how a man was turned into a zombie.

一個真實的故事 一個人是如何變成殭屍。

It became a best-seller and was even turned into a horror movie of the same name by horror

這本書成為暢銷書，甚至被恐怖片拍成同名恐怖電影。

legend Wes Craven - although the movie fictionalized the case significantly and received mediocre

傳奇人物韋斯-克雷文--雖然這部電影將案件虛構得很厲害，並且獲得了平庸的評價。

reviews.

評論：

But not everyone was buying Wade Davis' conclusions.

但並非所有人都相信韋德-戴維斯的結論。

Scientists studied Davis' theories about tetrodotoxin and found that there was very

科學家們研究了戴維斯關於河豚毒素的理論，發現有很。

little evidence of the presence of the poison in the samples he brought back from Haiti.

在他從海地帶回的樣品中，幾乎沒有證據表明存在毒藥。

While in theory it could have the effect he claimed, there have been no studies due to

雖然理論上可能有他所宣稱的效果，但由於沒有研究。

the extremely dangerous nature of experimenting with the poison.

實驗毒藥的極端危險性。

Likewise, there are no studies on the long-term impact or survivability of datura poisoning,

同樣，目前也沒有研究表明datura中毒的長期影響或生存能力。

and no other reports of people being kept in dreamlike states indefinitely.

也沒有其他關於人們無限期地處於夢境狀態的報道。

Kao and Yatsumoto, a pair of researchers who studied the case after Davis, believed that

在戴維斯之後研究此案的一對研究人員Kao和Yatsumoto認為。

Davis had falsified many of his conclusions in order to write his book.

戴維斯為了寫書，偽造了很多結論。

He was also criticized for ethics breaches in his investigation in Haiti, for taking

他還因在海地的調查中違反道德操守而受到責備，因為他在海地的調查中採取了 "不負責任 "的做法。

extreme measures like being involved in the exhumation of an infant corpse for the making

諸如參與挖掘嬰兒屍體的極端措施，以製造

of the powder.

的粉末。

The case is debated to this day, and no one really has an answer to the question - do

此案至今仍在爭論不休，沒有人真正有答案--做。

zombies exist?

殭屍存在？

It turns out, the answer is yes - but maybe only in the animal kingdom.

事實證明，答案是肯定的--但也許只有在動物界。

In recent years, scientists have made some disturbing discoveries about organisms that

近年來，科學家們對生物有了一些令人不安的發現，即

can enslave other beings to their will.

可以按照自己的意志奴役其他生命。

One such slaver isn't an animal at all - but a fungus.

其中一個這樣的奴隸根本就不是動物--而是一種真菌。

Massospora cicadina is a spore that has a very limited target - periodical cicadas that

Massospora cicadina是一種目標非常有限的孢子--週期性的蟬，它的目標是什麼？

only emerge every thirteen or seventeen years.

每隔十三年或十七年才出現一次。

These spores can go dormant with the cicada and infect the abdomen of the insect.

這些孢子能隨蟬休眠，感染昆蟲的腹部。

The spores eventually grow and take over the whole abdomen of the cicada, turning the back

孢子最終長出，佔據了蟬的整個腹部，把背

half of the insect into a chalky plug.

蟲的一半成粉狀塞。

As the cicada flies around, it spreads the fungus.

當蟬飛來飛去的時候，它就會傳播真菌。

Studies even show that the cicada drags its abdomen more than usual, making sure it sheds

研究甚至表明，蟬比平時更多地拖動它的腹部，以確保它的脫落。

as many spores as possible.

儘可能多的孢子。

While the cicada is still alive, the fungus seems to compel it to do whatever it can to

當蟬還活著的時候，真菌似乎迫使它不惜一切代價，來

make sure it infects others.

確保它感染他人。

But this fungus isn't the only being that can create its own “Zombies”.

但這種真菌並不是唯一能自創 "植物大戰殭屍 "的存在。

University of British Columbia researchers who were observing spiders discovered something

不列顛哥倫比亞大學的研究人員在觀察蜘蛛時發現了一些東西

disturbing when they noticed spiders abandoning their colony and spinning strange webs.

當他們發現蜘蛛放棄了自己的族群，並旋轉著奇怪的網時，他們感到不安。

They discovered that the spiders were infected with parasitic larva of a Zatypota wasp.

他們發現，這些蜘蛛感染了一種Zatypota蜂的寄生幼蟲。

These newly discovered wasps would lay an egg on the stomach of the spider, which would

這些新發現的黃蜂會把卵產在蜘蛛的肚子上，蜘蛛就會把卵產在蜘蛛的肚子上。

hatch and attach itself to the spider.

孵化並附著在蜘蛛上。

As it grew, the spider would be compelled to spin a web around itself, containing it

隨著它的成長，蜘蛛將被迫在自己周圍旋轉一個網，將它包含其中

for the larva to consume it before it turned into an adult.

以便幼蟲在變成成蟲之前將其吃掉。

These “zombie spiders” not only were made to do their bidding by the wasp, but to essentially

這些 "殭屍蜘蛛 "不僅是被黃蜂逼迫著聽命於它，而且基本上是

commit suicide.

自殺。

Not the undead, but nature is scary.

不是亡靈，但自然是可怕的。

But did we ever get answers about what happened to Clairvius Narcisse?

但我們有沒有得到關於Clairvius Narcisse的答案？

After his brush with fame, Narcisse faded into obscurity and little is known about his

成名後，Narcisse漸漸淡出人們的視線，人們對他的瞭解也不多。

later days.

後來的日子裡。

He lived another fourteen years after his shocking return, but he eventually took the

驚天動地的歸來後，他又活了十四年，但他最終以

secrets of his mysterious absence with him to the grave.

他的神祕缺席的祕密 與他到墳墓。

And this time, it's unlikely dead men will be telling any tales.

而這一次，死人不可能再講什麼故事了。

For more on the walking dead, check out “Could You Survive a Zombie Attack?”, or for more

更多關於行屍走肉的內容，請查看 "你能在殭屍襲擊中倖存嗎？"，或查看更多。

on unusual poisons, why not watch “Death Apple - The Most Dangerous Tree in the World”?

關於尋常的毒藥，不如看《死亡蘋果--世界上最危險的樹》。