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Ever since Franklin D Roosevelt coined the term in the 1930s, the first hundred days
自從富蘭克林-羅斯福在20世紀30年代創造了這個詞以來,第一個一百天
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in office have become a yardstick to measure the accomplishments of U.S. presidents and
在任期間,已經成為衡量美國總統成就的標尺。
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political leaders around the world. But how effective is the 100-day mark in judging their success?
世界各地的政治領導人。但是,在判斷他們的成功時,100天的標誌有多大效果呢?
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The first 100 days is just a tiny fraction of a four-year U.S. presidential term, but
前100天只是美國四年總統任期的一小部分,但。
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the idea that a lot can be achieved in a short period originated long before President Roosevelt. "So help me God."
短時間內可以完成很多事情的想法 早在羅斯福總統之前就有了。"所以,上帝幫助我。"
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Exiled French emperor Napoleon Bonaparte's escape from the island of Elba in 1815, return
厄爾巴島之行
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to power in Paris, and subsequent defeat at the Battle of Waterloo, all in a period of
在巴黎執政,以及隨後在滑鐵盧戰役中的失敗,所有這些都是在一個時期內發生的。
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under four months, is known as 'Les cent jours'.
四個月以下,被稱為 "Les cent jours"。
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However, it wasn't until the 20th century when FDR was elected president of the United
然而,直到20世紀,富蘭克林當選為美國總統後,美國才
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States that the term became a political catchphrase.
指出該詞已成為一個政治口號。
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Roosevelt was elected at a time when the country faced severe challenges during the Great Depression.
羅斯福當選時,正值國家在大蕭條期間面臨嚴峻挑戰。
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With unemployment at record levels, the urgent economic situation allowed FDR to achieve
在失業率達到創紀錄水準的情況下,緊急的經濟形勢讓富蘭克林實現了
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a remarkable amount in the first hundred days of his presidency.
在他擔任總統的頭一百天裡,就取得了顯著的成績。
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When he took office in 1933, the banks were on the verge of failure. In less than a week,
當他在1933年上任時,銀行正處於破產的邊緣。在不到一週的時間裡。
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Roosevelt convinced Congress to pass the Emergency Banking Act that effectively stabilized the
羅斯福說服國會通過了《緊急銀行法》,有效地穩定了美國的經濟。
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financial system. While the bill was prepared during the previous administration, Roosevelt
金融系統。雖然該法案是在上屆政府期間制定的,但羅斯福
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managed to roll out 14 other major pieces of legislation in his first 100 days, including
在他的第一個100天裡,他成功地推出了14項其他重要的立法,包括
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a series of reforms that were part of his New Deal economic program. He also coined
一系列的改革,是他的新政經濟計劃的一部分。他還創造了
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the term 'fireside chat' by speaking directly to the public through radio broadcasts.
通過電臺廣播直接向公眾講話,從而實現 "爐邊談話 "的說法。
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"I want to tell you what has been done in the last few days."
"我想告訴你這幾天都做了些什麼。"
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Roosevelt's leadership style, along with the extraordinary speed of reform, cemented
羅斯福的上司風格,加上改革的非凡速度,鞏固了
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his popularity, setting the hundred-day benchmark by which all future presidents would be measured.
他的受歡迎程度,樹立了衡量未來所有總統的百日標杆。
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In his first 100 days, Roosevelt passed 76 bills into law, 23 more than his successor
在他的頭100天裡,羅斯福通過了76項法案成為法律,比他的繼任者多了23項。
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Harry Truman. Since then, no president has succeeded in passing more than 30, the closest
哈里-杜魯門。從那時起,沒有任何一位總統成功地通過了30多個,最接近的是
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being Donald Trump, who was responsible for 28 acts.
被唐納德-特朗普,他對28項行為負有責任。
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In addition to his legislative success, FDR issued 99 executive orders, a vast number
除了立法上的成功,富蘭克林還發布了99項行政命令,大量的
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compared to subsequent presidents.
與後來的總統相比,。
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As impressive as FDR's achievements were, political historians argue that the unique
儘管富蘭克林的成就令人印象深刻,但政治史學家認為,獨特的。
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circumstances of the Great Depression made the speed and scale of his impact possible.
大蕭條的環境使他的影響速度和規模成為可能。
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The sense of urgency created by the country's economic freefall muted most political opposition.
國家經濟自由落體所產生的緊迫感使大多數政治反對派噤若寒蟬。
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More recent presidents faced an increasingly partisan political landscape and a congress
更多的近代總統面臨著越來越多的黨派政治格局和國會。
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with stronger subcommittees, which added a new layer of decision-making to the legislative
有更強大的小組委員會,這為立法機構增加了一層新的決策權。
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process. Even though American politics has seen significant changes since the Great Depression,
進程。儘管美國政治自大蕭條以來發生了重大變化。
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political analysts argue that the first hundred days is still a 'presidential honeymoon'
政治分析人士認為,前一百天仍是 "總統蜜月"。
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during which they wield extra influence.
在這期間,他們發揮了額外的影響力。
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According to data from the second half of the 20th century, U.S. presidents fared better
根據20世紀下半葉的數據,美國總統的表現較好
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with congress earlier rather than later in their inaugural year. With the exception of
在其就職年的早些時候而不是晚些時候與國會合作。除了
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Lyndon Johnson and George H. W. Bush, bills that were supported by presidents passed more
林登-約翰遜和喬治-W-布什,得到總統支持的法案通過了更多。
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often than those considered later in their tenure.
往往比任期較晚的人考慮。
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The percentage of votes from congress in favor of the president's position on bills, motions
國會在法案、議案中支持總統立場的票數比例。
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and amendments during that time were on average significantly higher in the first hundred
和期間的修正案,在前一百年的平均水平顯著提高。
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days than the rest of the year.
天比一年中的其他時間。
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One reason for this, according to political analysts, is that U.S. presidents tend to
政治分析人士認為,其中一個原因是,美國總統傾向於。
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be strategic in their support for bills likely to pass congress, partly accounting for the
在支持有可能通過國會的法案方面具有戰略性,這也是部分原因。
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perception of early-term success.
對早期成功的看法。
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There's also an argument that political leaders are most effective right after their
也有一種說法是,政治領導人在上任後最有效的是他們的
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election victory when public opinion is demonstrably on their side, which may strengthen their
當輿論明顯站在他們這一邊時,可能會加強他們的選舉勝利。
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hand when dealing with other lawmakers. However, the honeymoon period can be short, as was
在與其他立法者打交道時的手。然而,蜜月期可能很短,正如。
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the case for French President Emmanuel Macron. Only a third of French people were satisfied
法國總統埃馬紐埃爾-馬克龍的情況。只有三分之一的法國人滿意
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with his presidency after a hundred days, 10% lower even compared to his predecessor
擔任總統百日後,比前任總統還低10%。
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Francois Hollande, the most unpopular French president in polling history.
民調史上最不受歡迎的法國總統弗朗索瓦-奧朗德。
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In the private sector, a leader's actions at the start of a new job may also have a
在私營部門,領導者在新工作開始時的行為也可能會有一個
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lasting impact. A survey of 143 human resources executives found that more than 70% agreed
持久影響。對143名人力資源主管的調查發現,超過70%的人同意
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or strongly agreed that “success or failure during the transition period is a strong predictor
或非常同意 "過渡時期的成敗是一個強有力的預測因素"。
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of overall success or failure in the job.” According to some business experts, poor decisions
的工作整體成敗。"一些企業專家認為,決策不當
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can have an adverse effect on leaders' future working relationships, whereas early wins
會對上司未來的工作關係產生不利影響,而早期的勝利
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build trust in their vision.
建立對其願景的信任。
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For politicians, early wins often mean passing laws, but is that the best indicator of a
對於政治家來說,早期的勝利往往意味著通過法律,但這是最好的指標嗎?
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strong start to a leader's tenure?
領導者任期的有力開端?
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While Ronald Reagan only enacted nine laws in his first hundred days, his fiercest critics
雖然羅納德-里根在他的頭一百天裡只頒佈了九項法律,但他最激烈的批評者是
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commended him for effectively communicating goals which would define his presidency during
讚揚他有效地傳達了他在擔任主席期間的目標。
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the first hundred days.
前一百天。
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Conversely, John F Kennedy passed 26 laws in his first hundred days in office, but the
相反,約翰-肯尼迪在他執政的頭一百天裡,通過了26項法律,但是
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period was marred by the disastrous Bay of Pigs invasion 87 days into his presidency.
在他擔任總統87天后,災難性的豬灣入侵事件使這一時期蒙上了陰影。
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The failed military action at the height of the Cold War was intended to overthrow Cuban
在冷戰最激烈的時候,這次失敗的軍事行動是為了推翻古巴。
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dictator Fidel Castro but instead, heightened tensions with the U.S.S.R. and culminated
獨裁者菲德爾-卡斯特羅,但相反,加劇了與美蘇的緊張關係,並最終導致了
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in the Cuban Missile Crisis.
在古巴飛彈危機中。
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In fact, Kennedy tried to lower expectations for his first 100 days during his inauguration
事實上,肯尼迪在就職典禮上試圖降低對他前100天的期望值
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speech, “All this will not be finished in the first 100 days. Nor will it be finished
講話,"這一切都不會在頭100天內完成。也不會完成
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in the first 1,000 days, nor in the life of this administration.”
在前1000天,也在本屆政府的生命中。"
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Despite the disastrous Bay of Pigs invasion, JFK's accomplishments have been deemed favorable
儘管發生了災難性的豬灣入侵事件,但肯尼迪的功績卻被認為是有利的。
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in comparison with his immediate predecessors Dwight Eisenhower and Harry Truman.
與他的直接前任德懷特-艾森豪威爾和哈里-杜魯門相比。
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Although the first 100 days is an arbitrary deadline, part of its continued relevance
雖然第一個100天是一個任意的最後期限,但其繼續存在的部分意義是:
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is in politicians' use of pre-election promises to hook voters.
是在政客利用選前承諾來勾引選民。
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While on the campaign trail, Trump unveiled a 100-day action plan called “Contract with
在競選時,特朗普公佈了一項名為 "與之簽約 "的百日行動計劃。
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the American Voter,” but as the deadline for its completion approached the following
美國選民",但隨著完成的最後期限的臨近,在以下幾個方面
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year, he called the 100 days a 'ridiculous standard'
年,他稱100天是一個'荒謬的標準'。
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The first 100 days catchphrase has caught on internationally too.
第一個100天的口號在國際上也流行起來了。
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Imran Khan, successfully campaigned to become Prime Minister of Pakistan on a '100 Days
伊姆蘭-汗,以 "100天 "成功競選巴基斯坦總理。
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Agenda' in the country's general election in 2018, although he failed to make significant
議程",在2018年的國家大選中,雖然他沒能取得重大的。
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headway on his promises.
承諾的進展。
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In the U.K., Boris Johnson's Conservative Party also published a 100-day plan in the
在英國,鮑里斯-約翰遜的保守黨也公佈了一項百日計劃,在。
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week before the 2019 general election. Although Johnson managed to fulfill most of these promises,
2019年大選前一週。雖然約翰遜成功實現了其中的大部分承諾。
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his rosy outlook for 2020 was swiftly derailed by the coronavirus pandemic.
他對2020年的美好展望被冠狀病毒大流行迅速破壞。
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The first hundred days may be an effective political campaign slogan,
第一個一百天可能是一個有效的政治運動口號。
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but is it a benchmark that matters?
但這是一個重要的基準嗎?
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For every U.S. president, the ghost of Roosevelt looms large, although his achievements occured
對於每一位美國總統來說,羅斯福的鬼魂都在籠罩著,雖然他的成就發生在他的身上。
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in unique circumstances. History has also shown that a leader's early actions do not
在獨特的情況下。歷史也表明,一個領導者的早期行動並不是
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necessarily make or break their presidency and plans can quickly be overturned by events
成也蕭何,敗也蕭何。
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beyond their control. But a successful first hundred days can build momentum, personal
無法控制。但是,成功的前一百天可以建立動力,個人的
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credibility and political capital, which any politician would be grateful for.
信譽和政治資本,任何政治家都會感激不盡。
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Hi guys, thanks for watching our video. We'd love for you to subscribe to the channel but
嗨,感謝你觀看我們的視頻。我們很希望您能訂閱我們的頻道,但是...
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before you do that, are there any political leaders that I haven't mentioned in the
在你做之前,有沒有什麼政治領袖,我沒有提到的,在這裡。
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video that have had a remarkable first hundred days, whether good or bad? Comment below the
視頻,有一個非凡的前一百天,是好是壞?請在下面評論
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video to let us know and we'll see you next time.
視頻讓我們知道,我們下次再見。