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Okay, I'm going to show you
我又要來告訴你們 Okay, I'm going to show you
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again something about our diets.
一些有關我們飲食的事。 again something about our diets.
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And I would like to know what the audience is.
我想先知道現場聽衆有哪些人 And I would like to know what the audience is.
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And so who of you ever ate insects?
曾有人吃過昆蟲嗎? And so who of you ever ate insects?
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That's quite a lot.
還真不少。 That's quite a lot.
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(Laughter)
(笑聲) (Laughter)
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But still, you're not representing
然而,在場的各位 But still, you're not representing
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the overall population of the Earth.
並不代表全球人口的實況 the overall population of the Earth.
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(Laughter)
(笑聲) (Laughter)
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Because there's 80 percent out there that really eats insects.
因爲,實際上全球百分之八十的人吃昆蟲 Because there's 80 percent out there that really eats insects.
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But this is quite good.
而這樣是很好的。 But this is quite good.
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Why not eat insects? Well first, what are insects?
何不食昆蟲?首先我們要定義,什麽是昆蟲? Why not eat insects? Well first, what are insects?
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Insects are animals that walk around on six legs.
昆蟲是有六隻腳的動物 Insects are animals that walk around on six legs.
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And here you see just a selection.
這裡你可以看到一些種類 And here you see just a selection.
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There's six million species of insects on this planet,
全球有六百萬種的昆蟲 There's six million species of insects on this planet,
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six million species.
六百萬種。 six million species.
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There's a few hundreds of mammals --
哺乳類只有幾百種 There's a few hundreds of mammals --
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six million species of insects.
而昆蟲有六百萬種。 six million species of insects.
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In fact, if we count all the individual organisms,
而且,如果我們把所有生物個體算進來 In fact, if we count all the individual organisms,
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we would come at much larger numbers.
我們得到的不只這個數字。 we would come at much larger numbers.
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In fact, of all animals on Earth,
事實上,地球上的動物 In fact, of all animals on Earth,
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of all animal species,
所有的種類都算進去 of all animal species,
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80 percent walks on six legs.
百分之八十都是六隻腳的動物。 80 percent walks on six legs.
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But if we would count all the individuals,
如果我們把所有的生物個體都算進來 But if we would count all the individuals,
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and take an average weight of them,
再取所有的平均重量 and take an average weight of them,
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it would amount to something like 200 to 2,000 kg.
你我每個人會對應到 it would amount to something like 200 to 2,000 kg.
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for each of you and me on Earth.
大概200到2000公斤重的昆蟲。 for each of you and me on Earth.
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That means that in terms of biomass
這表示,就生物質量來説 That means that in terms of biomass
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insects are more abundant than we are.
昆蟲佔的比重比我們人類還大很多。 insects are more abundant than we are.
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And we're not on a planet of men,
我們住的不是人的星球 And we're not on a planet of men,
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but we're on a planet of insects.
而是昆蟲的星球。 but we're on a planet of insects.
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Insects are not only there in nature,
昆蟲不只存在自然裏 Insects are not only there in nature,
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but they also are involved in our economy,
也跟我們的經濟息息相關 but they also are involved in our economy,
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usually without us knowing.
這點大部分的我們都不知道。 usually without us knowing.
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There was an estimation,
根據幾年前 There was an estimation,
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a conservative estimation, a couple of years ago
一項保守的估算說 a conservative estimation, a couple of years ago
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that the U.S. economy
昆蟲給美國經濟 that the U.S. economy
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benefited by 57 billion
每年帶來 benefited by 57 billion
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dollars per year.
570億美金的效益。 dollars per year.
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It's a number -- very large --
對美國的經濟來説 It's a number -- very large --
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a contribution to the economy of the United States for free.
這是一個十分大,但免費的貢獻。 a contribution to the economy of the United States for free.
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And so I looked up what the economy was paying
我也順便查了 And so I looked up what the economy was paying
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for the war in Iraq
同一年 for the war in Iraq
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in the same year.
花在伊拉克戰爭的費用 in the same year.
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It was 80 billion U.S. dollars.
是800億美金。 It was 80 billion U.S. dollars.
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Well we know that that
我們都知道 Well we know that that
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was not a cheap war.
伊拉克戰爭並不便宜。 was not a cheap war.
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So insects, just for free,
但是昆蟲,免費地 So insects, just for free,
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contribute to the economy of the United States
為美國的經濟帶來 contribute to the economy of the United States
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with about the same order of magnitude
相當於伊戰規模的效益 with about the same order of magnitude
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just for free, without everyone knowing.
卻沒有任何人知道。 just for free, without everyone knowing.
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And not only in the States,
而且不止在美國,在任何國家、 And not only in the States,
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but in any country, in any economy.
任何經濟體系裏都有這樣的效益 but in any country, in any economy.
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What do they do?
昆蟲們是怎麽辦到的? What do they do?
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They remove dung, they pollinate our crops.
昆蟲會分解糞便,幫農作物授粉 They remove dung, they pollinate our crops.
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A third of all the fruits that we eat
我們吃的水果 A third of all the fruits that we eat
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are all a result
有三分之一 are all a result
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of insects taking care of the reproduction of plants.
都是藉由昆蟲授粉而生産的。 of insects taking care of the reproduction of plants.
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They control pests.
昆蟲抑制害蟲的蔓延 They control pests.
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And they're food for animals.
也是動物的食物來源 And they're food for animals.
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They're at the start of food chains.
他們位於食物鏈的底層 They're at the start of food chains.
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Small animals eat insects.
小動物吃昆蟲 Small animals eat insects.
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Even larger animals eat insects.
大型的動物也吃昆蟲。 Even larger animals eat insects.
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But the small animals that eat insects
吃昆蟲的小動物 But the small animals that eat insects
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are being eaten by larger animals,
被大動物吃掉 are being eaten by larger animals,
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still larger animals.
又被更大的動物吃掉 still larger animals.
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And at the end of the food chain, we are eating them as well.
位於食物鏈末端的我們也吃昆蟲。 And at the end of the food chain, we are eating them as well.
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There's quite a lot of people that are eating insects.
有很多人吃昆蟲 There's quite a lot of people that are eating insects.
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And here you see me
這是我在中國 And here you see me
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in a small, provincial town in China, Lijiang --
一個人口兩百萬 in a small, provincial town in China, Lijiang --
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about two million inhabitants.
叫麗江的小城。 about two million inhabitants.
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If you go out for dinner, like in a fish restaurant,
你去吃晚餐,就像在海產店 If you go out for dinner, like in a fish restaurant,
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where you can select which fish you want to eat,
你挑選你要吃的魚 where you can select which fish you want to eat,
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you can select which insects you would like to eat.
在這裡你挑選你要吃的昆蟲。 you can select which insects you would like to eat.
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And they prepare it in a wonderful way.
廚師把昆蟲變成色香味俱全的菜。 And they prepare it in a wonderful way.
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And here you see me enjoying a meal
你看我在吃的昆蟲大餐有 And here you see me enjoying a meal
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with caterpillars, locusts,
毛毛蟲、蝗蟲 with caterpillars, locusts,
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bee, [unclear] delicacies.
蜜蜂等等。 bee, [unclear] delicacies.
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And you can eat something new everyday.
每天還有新菜色 And you can eat something new everyday.
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There's more than 1,000 species of insects
全球有超過1000種的昆蟲 There's more than 1,000 species of insects
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that are being eaten all around the globe.
被人類食用。 that are being eaten all around the globe.
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That's quite a bit more
跟我們吃的 That's quite a bit more
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than just a few mammals that we're eating,
像牛、豬、羊 than just a few mammals that we're eating,
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like a cow or a pig
區區幾種哺乳類比起來 like a cow or a pig
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or a sheep.
這是相當大的數量。 or a sheep.
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More than 1,000 species --
超過1000種 More than 1,000 species --
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an enormous variety.
這種類是很多的 an enormous variety.
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And now you may think, okay,
你可能會想 And now you may think, okay,
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in this provincial town in China they're doing that, but not us.
好吧,中國這個鄉下地方的人吃蟲,我們可不吃。 in this provincial town in China they're doing that, but not us.
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Well we've seen already that quite some of you
我們剛才看到了 Well we've seen already that quite some of you
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already ate insects maybe occasionally.
在場各位裏有些人偶爾可能吃昆蟲。 already ate insects maybe occasionally.
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But I can tell you that everyone of you
我可以跟你們說, But I can tell you that everyone of you
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is eating insects, without any exception.
所有的人都吃昆蟲,而且沒有例外。 is eating insects, without any exception.
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You're eating at least
每一年你至少 You're eating at least
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500 grams per year.
吃進了五百公克 500 grams per year.
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What are you eating?
怎麽會呢? What are you eating?
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Tomato soup, peanut butter,
番茄湯、花生醬 Tomato soup, peanut butter,
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chocolate, noodles --
巧克力、麵條等 chocolate, noodles --
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any processed food that you're eating
所有處理過的食品 any processed food that you're eating
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contains insects,
都包含昆蟲 contains insects,
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because insects are here all around us,
因爲昆蟲無所不在 because insects are here all around us,
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and when they're out there in nature
在大自然裏、在我們的左右、 and when they're out there in nature
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they're also in our crops.
在穀物裏。 they're also in our crops.
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Some fruits get some insect damage.
有些水果受到蟲咬 Some fruits get some insect damage.
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Those are the fruits, if they're tomato,
像是番茄、 Those are the fruits, if they're tomato,
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that go to the tomato soup.
就被加工做成湯 that go to the tomato soup.
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If they don't have any damage, they go to the grocery.
沒被蟲咬的水果才會拿到市場來賣 If they don't have any damage, they go to the grocery.
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And that's your view of a tomato.
這是你印象中的漂亮的番茄。 And that's your view of a tomato.
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But there's tomatoes that end up in a soup.
但是也有很多番茄直接被做成湯 But there's tomatoes that end up in a soup.
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And as long as they meet
食品裏可能出現各式各樣的東西 And as long as they meet
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the requirements of the food agency,
只要能符合 the requirements of the food agency,
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there can be all kinds of things in there,
食品管理單位的規定 there can be all kinds of things in there,
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no problem.
就沒有問題。 no problem.
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In fact, why would we put these balls in the soup,
事實上,番茄湯裡何必再放肉? In fact, why would we put these balls in the soup,
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there's meat in there anyway?
裡面早就有(蟲)肉了 there's meat in there anyway?
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(Laughter)
(笑聲) (Laughter)
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In fact, all our processed foods
所有處理過的食品 In fact, all our processed foods
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contain more proteins
所含的蛋白質的量 contain more proteins
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than we would be aware of.
都比我們認爲的還多。 than we would be aware of.
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So anything is a protein source already.
所以基本上所有的食品都含蛋白質。 So anything is a protein source already.
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Now you may say,
現在你可能會說 Now you may say,
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"Okay, so we're eating 500 grams just by accident."
“好吧,這500克是我們不小心吃進去的。” "Okay, so we're eating 500 grams just by accident."
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We're even doing this on purpose
事實上,在很多食品裏 We're even doing this on purpose
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in a lot of food items that we have.
我們也會故意加蟲進去。 in a lot of food items that we have.
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I have only two items
我這裡有兩樣 I have only two items
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here on the slide --
在投影片上 here on the slide --
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pink cookies or surimi sticks
粉紅色餅乾和蟹肉棒 pink cookies or surimi sticks
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or, if you like, Campari.
或是,Campari烈酒 or, if you like, Campari.
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A lot of our food products that are of a red color
很多我們吃的紅色的東西 A lot of our food products that are of a red color
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are dyed with a natural dye.
是用天然紅色染料染的。 are dyed with a natural dye.
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The surimi sticks
蟹肉棒 The surimi sticks
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is crab meat, or is being sold as crab meat,
是蟹肉,或是仿蟹肉 is crab meat, or is being sold as crab meat,
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is white fish
實際是白魚肉 is white fish
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that's being dyed with cochineal.
用胭脂蟲酸染色的。 that's being dyed with cochineal.
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Cochineal is a product
胭脂蟲酸是 Cochineal is a product
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of an insect that lives off the cacti.
是寄生在仙人掌上的蟲作的染料。 of an insect that lives off the cacti.
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It's being produced in large amounts,
胭脂蟲酸是量產的產物 It's being produced in large amounts,
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150 to 180 metric tons per year,
年產量為150到180公噸 150 to 180 metric tons per year,
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in the Canary Islands in Peru,
主要產在祕魯的加那利群島 in the Canary Islands in Peru,
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and it's big business.
是一項重要的產業。 and it's big business.
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One gram of cochineal
每一克胭脂蟲酸 One gram of cochineal
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costs about 30 euros.
要價30歐元 costs about 30 euros.
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One gram of gold
黃金一公克 One gram of gold
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is 30 euros.
也是30歐元 is 30 euros.
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So it's a very precious thing
所以我們使用的這個食物染料 So it's a very precious thing
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that we're using to dye our foods.
是非常珍貴的。 that we're using to dye our foods.
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Now the situation in the world is going to change,
對你我和這個地球而言 Now the situation in the world is going to change,
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for you and me, for everyone on this Earth.
現在世界的局勢將會改變。 for you and me, for everyone on this Earth.
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The human population is growing very rapidly
這世界的人口正在急速增加 The human population is growing very rapidly
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and is growing exponentially.
成指數爆炸性地增加 and is growing exponentially.
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Where at the moment we have
現在全球大約 Where at the moment we have
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something between six and seven billion people,
有60到70億的人口 something between six and seven billion people,
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it will grow to about nine billion
到2050年 it will grow to about nine billion
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in 2050.
會增加到90億。 in 2050.
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That means that we have a lot more mouths to feed.
這表示會有更多張嘴嗷嗷待哺。 That means that we have a lot more mouths to feed.
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And this is something that worries more and more people.
越來越多人開始為這個為這個問題擔心。 And this is something that worries more and more people.
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There was an FAO conference last October
聯合國糧農組織去年十月 There was an FAO conference last October
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that was completely devoted to this.
開了一個會專門來討論這個問題。 that was completely devoted to this.
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How are we going to feed this world?
如何能產生足夠的食物? How are we going to feed this world?
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And if you look at the figures up there,
你如果看看這些數字 And if you look at the figures up there,
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it says that we have a third more mouths to feed,
說世界人口將增加33% it says that we have a third more mouths to feed,
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but we need agricultural production increase
但是農業產出必須增加70% but we need agricultural production increase
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of 70 percent.
才能餵飽所有人。 of 70 percent.
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And that's especially because this world population
這是因爲, And that's especially because this world population
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in increasing,
雖然人口在增加 in increasing,
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and it's increasing, not only in numbers,
但增加的不只是量 and it's increasing, not only in numbers,
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but we're also getting wealthier,
我們也越來越有錢 but we're also getting wealthier,
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and anyone that gets wealthier starts to eat more
有錢的人除了吃得更多 and anyone that gets wealthier starts to eat more
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and also starts to eat more meat.
也吃更多的肉。 and also starts to eat more meat.
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And meat, in fact, is something
而肉,事實上 And meat, in fact, is something
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that costs a lot
要耗費 that costs a lot
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of our agricultural production.
更多的農業產能。 of our agricultural production.
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Our diet consists for some part of animal proteins,
我們的飲食的一部分是動物性蛋白 Our diet consists for some part of animal proteins,
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and at the moment, most of us here
而這些動物性蛋白我們大部分 and at the moment, most of us here
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get it from livestock,
是從畜牧牲畜、 get it from livestock,
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from fish, from game.
從魚、家禽那裏得來, from fish, from game.
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And we eat quite a lot of it.
我們吃的動物性蛋白還不少。 And we eat quite a lot of it.
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In the Developed World it's on average
在已開發國家裏 In the Developed World it's on average
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80 kg. per person per year,
平均每人每年吃80公斤的肉 80 kg. per person per year,
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which goes up to 120
而在美國 which goes up to 120
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in the United States
更是高達120公斤 in the United States
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and a bit lower in some other countries,
在一些國家雖然吃得少一些 and a bit lower in some other countries,
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but on average 80 kg.
但是平均 but on average 80 kg.
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per person per year.
每人每年80公斤。 per person per year.
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In the Developing World it's much lower.
在開發中國家就少很多 In the Developing World it's much lower.
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It's 25 kg. per person per year.
每人每年25公斤 It's 25 kg. per person per year.
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But it's increasing enormously.
但急速增長中。 But it's increasing enormously.
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In China in the last 20 years,
在中國過去20年裏 In China in the last 20 years,
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it increased from 20 to 50,
消耗的肉從20增加到50公斤 it increased from 20 to 50,
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and it's still increasing.
還在持續增加中。 and it's still increasing.
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So if a third of the world population
所以,如果世界三分之一的人口 So if a third of the world population
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is going to increase its meat consumption
消耗的肉量將會 is going to increase its meat consumption
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from 25 to 80 on average,
從25增加到80公斤 from 25 to 80 on average,
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and a third of the world population
另外,三分之一的世界人口 and a third of the world population
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is living in China and in India,
住在中國和印度 is living in China and in India,
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we're having an enormous demand on meat.
那麽我們對肉將會有很大量的需求。 we're having an enormous demand on meat.
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And of course, we are not there to say,
當然,我們不能說 And of course, we are not there to say,
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it's only for us, it's not for them.
只有我們能吃肉,這三分之一的人不能吃肉。 it's only for us, it's not for them.
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They have the same share that we have.
他們跟我們有一樣的權利。 They have the same share that we have.
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Now to start with, I should say
說起來,第一點我覺得 Now to start with, I should say
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that we are eating way too much meat
在歐美國家裏 that we are eating way too much meat
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in the Western world.
我們吃太多肉了。 in the Western world.
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We could do with much, much less --
事實上我們可以少吃一點的 We could do with much, much less --
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and I know, I've been a vegetarian for a long time.
這點我很清楚,因爲我吃素很久了 and I know, I've been a vegetarian for a long time.
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And you can easily do without anything.
我知道肉可以不吃 And you can easily do without anything.
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You'll get proteins in any kind of food anyway.
從很多食物你都可以獲取蛋白質。 You'll get proteins in any kind of food anyway.
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But then there's a lot of problems
再者,肉的生産過程裏 But then there's a lot of problems
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that come with meat production,
有很多問題 that come with meat production,
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and we're being faced with that more and more often.
而這些問題的出現也越來越頻繁。 and we're being faced with that more and more often.
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The first problem that we're facing is human health.
首當其衝的問題就是人體的健康。 The first problem that we're facing is human health.
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Pigs are quite like us.
豬跟人很像 Pigs are quite like us.
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They're even models in medicine.
不單做人類藥劑試驗的對象 They're even models in medicine.
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And we can even transplant organs from a pig to a human.
也還可以移植器官給人類。 And we can even transplant organs from a pig to a human.
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That means that pigs also share diseases with us.
這表示說豬也和人有很多共同的疾病 That means that pigs also share diseases with us.
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And a pig disease,
豬的疾病 And a pig disease,
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a pig virus, and a human virus
一株豬的病毒,和人的病毒 a pig virus, and a human virus
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can both proliferate.
都是會增殖的。 can both proliferate.
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And because of their kind of reproduction,
因爲兩種病毒的複製 And because of their kind of reproduction,
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they can combine and produce a new virus.
可以交叉而產生一株新的病毒 they can combine and produce a new virus.
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This has happened in The Netherlands in the 1990's
這在1990年代在荷蘭爆發的傳統豬瘟裏 This has happened in The Netherlands in the 1990's
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during the classical swine fever outbreak.
就發現這樣的事。 during the classical swine fever outbreak.
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You get a new disease that can be deadly.
而這種新的病是會致命的。 You get a new disease that can be deadly.
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We eat insects -- they're so distantly related from us,
因爲昆蟲和我們之間物種差異十分大 We eat insects -- they're so distantly related from us,
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that this doesn't happen.
這種事是不會發生的。 that this doesn't happen.
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So that's one point for insects.
所以在這方面,昆蟲獲得一分。 So that's one point for insects.
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(Laughter)
(笑聲) (Laughter)
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And there's the conversion factor.
另外還有生産報酬率的因素 And there's the conversion factor.
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You take 10 kg. of feed,
10公斤的飼料 You take 10 kg. of feed,
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you can get one kg. of beef,
可以養出一公斤的牛肉 you can get one kg. of beef,
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but you can get nine kg. of locust meat.
但是蝗蟲肉可以養出9公斤 but you can get nine kg. of locust meat.
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So if you would be an entrepreneur,
如果你是老闆 So if you would be an entrepreneur,
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what would you do?
你要養那一種? what would you do?
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With 10 kg. of input,
同樣是10公斤的飼料 With 10 kg. of input,
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you can get either one or nine kg. of output.
你可以得到1或9公斤的產出。 you can get either one or nine kg. of output.
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So far we're taking
目前我們還都是選擇 So far we're taking
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the one, or up to five kg. of output.
1公斤,最多到5公斤的產出 the one, or up to five kg. of output.
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We're not taking the bonus yet.
紅利都還放在那邊沒人拿呢, We're not taking the bonus yet.
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We're not taking the nine kg. of output yet.
我們都還沒去拿這9公斤的產出, We're not taking the nine kg. of output yet.
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So that's two points for insects.
所以到這裡昆蟲得兩分 So that's two points for insects.
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(Laughter)
(笑聲) (Laughter)
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And there's the environment.
再來有環境的考量 And there's the environment.
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If we take 10 kg. of food --
如果我們用10公斤的飼料 If we take 10 kg. of food --
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(Laughter)
(笑聲) (Laughter)
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and it results in one kilogram of beef,
來產出1公斤的牛肉 and it results in one kilogram of beef,
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