About a year ago, I asked my YouTube followers to play

大約一年前，我請 我的 YouTube 追隨者

a simple computer programming puzzle that I made with a buddy.

來玩我和夥伴製作的 簡單電腦程式謎題。

The object of the puzzle was to get your car across the maze

謎題的目標是讓小車通過迷宮，

by arranging these code blocks

你可以編排那些程式碼方塊，

that represent typical computer programming operations,

它們代表常見的電腦程式操作，

such as if-else statements and while loops.

比如「if-else」陳述句 及「while」迴圈。

Once you thought you had a good code, you would hit Run,

一旦你覺得一切就緒， 就按下「執行」，

and your car would move based on the commands you had in the program.

你的車就會根據指令來移動。

I asked my YouTube followers to play it because I said I wanted to prove

我請 YouTube 追隨者來玩， 因為我說我想要證明

that anyone from any background could learn to code.

任何背景的任何人 都能學會程式碼。

Fifty thousand of them took the challenge and attempted the puzzle.

五萬個人參與這項挑戰，試圖解謎。

But the truth was

但，事實是，

that I didn't actually care about proving that anyone could learn to code.

我並不在乎是否能證明 人人都能學會程式碼。

What they didn't know is that we actually randomly served up

他們並不知道， 我們其實會隨機提供

two slightly different versions of the puzzle.

兩個稍稍不同版本的謎題。

In one version, if you hit Run and you weren't successful,

在一個版本中，如果你 按下「執行」但沒有成功，

you didn't lose any of your starting 200 points.

你不會失去一開始的兩百點。

We showed you this message.

你會看到這段訊息。 〔請再試一次。〕

[Please try again.]

然而，在另一個版本中， 如果你按下「執行」但沒有成功，

However, in the other version,

你會看到有點不同的訊息，

if you hit Run and again you weren't successful,

說你輸掉了一開始 那兩百點中的五點。

we showed this slightly different message,

那是唯一的差別。

stating that you lost five points from your starting 200 points.

在一個版本中，如果你失敗， 我們只會拿走五點，

That was the only difference.

這些是虛假網路點數， 沒有真實價值、

In one version, if you failed,

沒有人會看到，完全沒有意義。

we simply took away five no-value-in-the-real-world,

（笑聲）

no-one-will-ever-see-these,

我將展示從五萬份 樣本數據中得出的結果，

completely meaningless, fake internet points.

請記得，這個些微的差別 有關鍵的影響。

(Laughter)

失敗會被罰點數的人

That minor difference is crucial to keep in mind

成功率大約是 52%。

for the results I'm about to show you from the 50,000 data points we collected.

沒有被罰的人，成功率是 68%。

For those who were penalized for failed attempts,

δ 值為 16%，具有統計 顯著，這結果相當驚人，

their success rate was around 52%.

幾乎讓人無法置信，

For those who were not penalized, their success rate was 68%.

直到我們研究了收集的另一組數據，

That statistically significant delta of 16% was really surprising

這些數據代表成功前的嘗試次數，

and almost seemed too hard to believe

在圖上用橘色呈現。

until we looked at another piece of data that we collected,

那些不用負面角度看待失敗的人

which was attempts to solve before finding success.

用了近 2.5 倍的次數去嘗試解謎。

It's shown in orange right here.

他們自然會更成功， 也因此學到更多。

So, those who didn't see failing in a negative light

試著分析結果，你會發現，

nearly had two and a half times more attempts to solve the puzzle.

學到更多、更成功的密技在於

As a result, naturally, they saw more success and therefore learned more.

找到正確方式來建構學習過程。

So if you think about that and sort of unpack these results,

對我來說，這項觀察十分深奧。

the trick to learning more and having more success

我不禁思考，如果在建構學習過程時，

is finding the right way to frame the learning process.

能讓你不去擔心失敗，

And this observation seemed really profound to me.

你會變得多成功？你會多學到多少？

It made me wonder, What if you just frame the learning process in such a way

於是我想到， 如果這個假設是真的，

that you did not concern yourself with failure,

在真實生活中一定 會有這方面的證據。

how much more successful could you be, how much more could you learn?

這讓我想到學步兒童。

The next thought was that if this is a real effect,

那是我兒子，那是我幫忙做的。

clearly there must be some evidence for this in real life.

（笑聲）

It made me think of toddlers.

他們不斷嘗試新事物，

That's my boy; I helped make that.

而他們完全不在乎失敗。

(Laughter)

當我兒子學走路時，他不會想 摔跤時看起來有多蠢，

They are constantly trying new things,

身為他的父母，如果他沒有成功， 我們也不會懲罰他。

and they certainly aren't concerned with failure.

焦點一直都在最終目標上，

When my son learned to walk,

且我們會和他一起慶祝成功。

he didn't think about how dumb he might look if he fell down,

經常失敗和嘗試的結果，

and as his parents, we didn't punish him if he wasn't successful either.

及在人生的那個階段 發現新事物的結果，

The focus was always on the end goal, and we celebrated the successes with him.

就是我們會在自己身上 發現更多新能力，

As a result of constantly failing and trying

和我們人生的其他時期差太多了。

and discovering new things during that phase of our life,

但，也許用學步兒童有點作弊，

we discover so many more new capabilities within ourselves,

因為他們的大腦和我們不同。

and it's not even close to any other time in our life.

為了證明也許我們 沒有和他們這麼不同，

But maybe using a toddler is sort of cheating

我想說說我在八歲時 遇到的一位水管工，

because their brains are different than ours.

他是義大利人。

To make the case that perhaps they aren't that different than us,

（力量提升音效）

I'd like to tell you about a plumber I first met when I was eight years old.

（笑聲）

He was Italian.

超級瑪莉兄弟推出時， 我和朋友迷上了這遊戲——

(Power up sound effect)

我們想要抵達城堡， 從邪惡的庫巴手中

(Laughter)

救出美麗的桃子公主。

When Super Mario Bros. came out, my friends and I became obsessed -

我們到學校會問彼此：「老兄， 你到第幾關了？全破了嗎？」

like, we wanted to get to the castle and rescue the beautiful Princess Peach

我們從來不會細問彼此 我們死掉的各種方式。

from the evil Bowser.

對於這樣子的遊戲，

We'd get to school and ask each other,

沒有人會第一次拿起搖控器

"Dude, what level did you make it to? Did you pass the game?"

接著在跳到坑裡時，想： 「好丟臉；好大的失敗啊。」

We never asked each other about details on all the different ways we might have died.

然後就不再嘗試了。對吧？

When it comes to games like this,

他們真正在想的是： 「我得要記住這裡有個坑；

no one ever picks up the controller for the first time

下次，我在這裡要 加點速，然後晚點跳。」

and then after jumping into a pit thinks,

焦點和癡迷是在於要打贏遊戲，

"I am so ashamed; that was such a failure,"

而不是你被滑過來的 綠色龜殼打到時有多愚蠢。

and they never want to try again, right?

那種態度帶來的直接結果

What really happens is they think, "I've got to remember there's a pit there;

就是從失敗中學習， 而非把焦點放在失敗上，

next time, I'm going to come out with a little more speed

我們變得很厲害， 在非常短的時間中學了很多。

and jump a bit later."

我們在這張圖的右邊。

The focus and the obsession is about beating the game,

這就是我所謂的超級瑪莉效應：

not how dumb you might look if you get hit by a sliding green shell.

把焦點放在公主上，而不是坑上，

And as a direct result of that attitude

堅持完成任務並學習更多。

of learning from but not being focused on the failures,

這讓我反思，並找到 我身上的其他例子

we got really good, and we learned a ton in a very short amount of time.

可說明將人生遊戲化的這種態度，

We were the right side of this graph.

這種超級瑪莉效應會帶來 更多成功和更多學習。

This is what I call the Super Mario Effect:

我在我的科學 YouTube 頻道上 有時會用我的工程技能

focusing on the princess and not the pits to stick with a task and to learn more.

打造一些東西，比如

This caused me to reflect and realize that there were lots of other examples

世界上最大的水槍，

from my own personal experience where this attitude of life gamification,

或者金氏世界紀錄上 世界最大的玩具槍。

this Super Mario Effect led to more success and therefore more learning.

（影片）（尖叫）

I have a science YouTube channel

（觀眾）（笑聲）

where I will sometimes use my engineering skills

（台上）馬克羅勃： 或是這支雪球機關槍。

to build things such as the world's largest Super Soaker

（影片）馬：哈哈哈。好啊！

or the Guinness World Record world's largest Nerf gun.

（台上）馬：從吹葉機改造來的。

(Video) (Screaming)

（觀眾）（笑聲）

(Audience) (Laughter)

那是我的姪女。

(On stage) Mark Rober: Or maybe this snowball machine gun.

這些是我的姪子。

(Video) MR: Ha, ha, ha. Yes!

（笑聲）

(On stage) MR: Fashioned from a leaf blower.

我還沒有想通，

(Audience) (Laughter)

但他們對我這個叔叔 似乎有些信任問題。

That's my niece.

（笑聲）

Those are my nephews.

打造這些東西通常會花我 兩、三個月的時間，

(Laughter)

但有一樣花了我三年。

I haven't quite figured it out,

我想要做一個鏢靶， 讓你每次都能射中紅心。

but when it comes to me, their uncle, they seem to have some trust issues.

想法是，擲出飛鏢後， 我們就能透過氣流來追蹤它，

(Laughter)

接著鏢靶移動， 用紅心來接住飛鏢。

So, these builds usually take me about two to three months,

（笑聲）

but there was one that took me three years.

所以，我們計算之後發現， 如果我們想要追蹤飛鏢，

Basically, I wanted to make a dartboard where you could get a bullseye every time.

在一般的射飛鏢比賽， 用一般的速度，

The idea was that if you throw a dart, we could track it through the air,

我們得要追蹤飛鏢同時移動鏢靶，

and then we'd move the board to sort of catch a bullseye.

兩件事要在人類眨眼 一次的時間內同時完成。

(Laughter)

沒什麼大不了嘛？

And so, once we did the math, we realized that if we wanted to track the dart

怕大家無聊，我就不談完整細節，

for a typical, like, game of darts, typical velocity,

以及很多像是滑行 綠色龜殼的失敗和挫折，

we would basically have to both track the dart and move the board

還有那些討厭的鐵鎚兄弟。

in the same amount of time it takes for a human to blink once.

但，最終，我們想通了，

No big deal, right?

它大概是像這樣的東西，

I'm not going to bore you with all the details

有六個步進馬達和動作控制器，

and the failures and the setbacks

一個 Vicon 動作捕捉系統 搭配六台攝影機，

from a lot of metaphorical sliding green shells

還有一堆傷腦筋 又不斷要重寫的程式碼。

and those pesky Hammerhead Bros,

但最終，我們完成了。

but eventually we figured out

（掌聲）

it would take something that looks like this,

有趣的是，當我回頭看這個過程，

which is six stepper motors and motion controllers,

老實說，我對此的態度

a Vicon motion capture system with six cameras,

和我從庫巴手中救出 公主的態度是一樣的。

and just a ton of tweaking and rewriting the code.

當然，每次失敗和挫折都糟透了。

But finally, eventually, we arrived here.

但這就像是在第 8-1 關摔到坑裡，

(Applause)

你會說聲「啊」， 然後回頭再試一次。

What's interesting is when I look back on that process,

總是：「好吧，感覺很糟， 但我們能從中學到什麼？

like, I can honestly say my attitude towards that

我們接下來能怎麼解決它？ 咱們再試一次。」

was the same attitude I had toward, like, rescuing the princess from Bowser.

這種人生遊戲化的概念

Like, of course, each failure and setback sucked; it stung.

不僅僅是「有正面的態度」，

But it was no different than falling in that pit on Level 8-1,

或者「永不放棄」，

and you're like, "Argh," and you got to go back and try again.

因為上述那些似乎 意味著你得要對抗

It was always like, "OK, that sucked, but what did we learn from that?

你真正想要放棄的念頭。

What can we do next for it? Let's hit it again."

我覺得，當你用我描述的方式 來建構挑戰或學習過程時，

And this concept of life gamification

你會真的想做它。

is more than just, like, "Have a positive attitude"

你會很自然的忽略失敗並再次嘗試，

or "Never give up"

就像是學步兒童會想要 站起來再次嘗試走路一樣，

because those sort of imply

或者就像是你會想要 不斷去玩超級瑪莉，

you're having to endure against your true desire to quit.

或者就像是右手邊的那組人 想要堅持解謎的時間，

I feel like when you frame a challenge or a learning process

比另一組長 2.5 倍。

in the way I'm describing,

他們這麼做是沒錢拿的。

you actually want to do it.

沒有人強迫他們，沒有人看他們。

It feels natural to ignore the failures and try again,

只有他們和他們的電腦， 在他們的房子裡。

in the same way a toddler will want to get up and try and walk again

他們的展望會讓他們 想要持續嘗試和學習。

or in the same way you want to keep playing Super Mario Bros.

這鏢靶還有額外的好處，

or in the same way the group on the right had a desire to stick with that puzzle

我帶它上吉米金摩的節目， 挑戰他射飛鏢。

two and a half times longer.

播放這段影片之前， 讓我先說兩件事。

They weren't getting paid to do that.

第一，這個靶還有另一種模式，

Nobody was forcing them or watching them.

就是輪到你的夥伴射飛鏢時，

It was just them on their computer, alone in their house.

它會往另一個方向移動。

Their outlook made it so they wanted to keep trying and learning.

（笑聲）

The icing on the cake for the dartboard

第二，在排演的時候， 我們無法讓它正常運作，

was I took it on Jimmy Kimmel and challenged him to a game of darts.

它幾乎只會緩慢動作。

I'll just set this clip up by saying two things.

我站上了升降台，

The first is we also had a mode on the board

它會向上移動，然後你才 走出來，向下走上舞台。

where if your buddy had it and threw a dart,

我看向右方，六台 攝影機都無法運作。

the board would move the other way.

我的夥伴約翰非常心急地 重新啟動所有的攝影機，

(Laughter)

我走上舞台時，狀況仍是一大堆，

And the second is that we couldn't get this thing working during rehearsal,

但我要繼續以靶標作終場秀。

and it was just barely kind of creeping along.

看影片時別忘了這些，

I get up to stand in the elevator,

我當時腦袋想的就是這些。

which is the door that moves up before you go down out on stage.

整整三年，這一刻終於到了。

I look to the right, all six cameras had failed.

（影片）馬：你要做的是 把這支飛鏢拿給你的夥伴，

So my buddy John is feverishly, like, restarting all the cameras

你要挑戰他，看他能不能射中靶。

as I'm going out onto stage knowing this, and there's, like, four things and bits,

吉：試著射中靶。好。

and I work up to the dartboard as the sort of grand finale.

（笑聲）

So just keep that in mind as this clip starts.

馬：好啊，大人物。 雙倍分數或者沒有？

Like, that's where my headspace is.

吉：好，好。準備好了？

Three freaking years, and it comes down to this moment.

（笑聲）

(Video) MR: What you're going to do is give this dart to your buddy,

好。

and you're going to challenge him just to, like, hit the board.

馬：好。接著，我站到這裡。 吉：這東西是自動的？

Jimmy Kimmel: Just try to hit the board. OK. Alright.

馬：是的。 吉：你打造的？

(Laughter)

馬：是的。我站過來。

MR: Alright, hot shot. Double or nothing?

來了。

JK: Alright, yeah, yeah, alright. Ready?

（歡呼）（掌聲）

(Laughter)

（台上）馬：在做到之前， 先假裝你會。（笑聲）

OK.

我得說，在所有的測試中，

MR: Alright. And so, then I step up here. JK: This does this automatically?

我們從來沒有像這一次 準到正中紅心。

MR: That's right. JK: And you built this?

那之後，我甚至連靶面都射不中。

MR: That's right. I step up.

我說：「我受夠了。」

Here we go.

（笑聲）

(Cheers) (Applause)

我真的相信，如果你能 重新建構挑戰，

(On stage) MR: Fake it till you make it.

就會有不同。

(Laughter)

我有個簡單的思想實驗 來展示這一點。

I will say, in all of our testing,

比如，我給各位一個測驗， 上面有指示，你要照著做，

literally, we never had a dead-center bullseye

它有像這樣的按鈕。

as much as that one right there.

指示會像是「按三號按鈕五秒鐘」，

So, like, after that, I haven't even touched the board since.

接著「按六號按鈕一秒鐘」，

I'm like, "I'm so done with it."

接著「按三號和五號 按鈕六秒鐘」等等。

(Laughter)

除非你完全照第一頁的指示做，

And I really believe that if you reframe, like, the challenges,

不然你就看不到 測驗的其他三十二頁。

it can make all the difference.

我要付你多少錢， 你才願意做這個測驗一小時？

I have a simple thought experiment to sort of showcase this.

如果我把「測驗」 這個詞換成「遊戲」，

Let's say I gave you a test

我把這頁轉個方向，

and it had instructions on it that you would carry out,

針對輸入裝置， 我把按鈕縮小並移動過，

and to do that, it had sort of buttons like this.

我再做把它畫得很酷，

And the instructions would say something like, "Push button 3 for 5 seconds"

也許用點不同的按鈕風格。

and then, "Push button 6 for 1 second,"

接著，不用文字，

then, "Push buttons 3 and 5 for 6 seconds," and so on.

我把你要完成的任務 像這樣做成視覺化。

And unless you carried out the instructions on page one exactly,

注意，輸出仍然是完全相同的：

you couldn't see the other 32 pages of the test.

你得要依照非常明確的 方式來按這些按鈕，

How much would I have to pay you to take that test for an hour?

才能進入下一頁，或下一關。

Now suppose I change the word "test" here to "game,"

想像這是 1986 年，

and I rotated this,

要付我多少錢，我才 願意做這個測驗一小時？

and for the input device, I shrunk the buttons and moved them here,

如果你實在想不到， 給你一個正確答案的提示。

and I gave it a cool paint job

我知道，那是我。

and maybe different button styles.

（影片）男孩：任天堂！

And then instead of using words,

（哭泣）

I represented the tasks you needed to accomplish visually like this.

喔，爸爸，謝謝你。

Note the output is the exact same:

謝謝你！

you have to push these buttons in a very specific manner

爸：別來抱我了，去玩它吧！

to move on to the next page or level, as it were.

男孩：（哭泣） （觀眾）（笑聲）

Now picture it's 1986.

（台上）馬：那一定是 年度最佳 YouTube 影片。

How much would you pay me to take this test just for an hour?

（笑聲）

If you have a very bad imagination, here's a hint to the right answer.

身為科學 YouTuber，有時，

I know. I was there.

我覺得大家用了負面的方式

(Video) Boy: Nintendo!

來建構學習科學的這個行為。

(Crying)

教他們科學的方式很差， 所以他們會怕科學，

Oh, Dad, thank you.

因為科學感覺比較像是這種東西。

Thank you!

我的方法是把你可能 很痛恨的物理課程拿來，

Dad: Don't come and hug me, go play with it!

試著欺騙你，

Boy: (Crying)

讓你透過很酷的方式去學它，

(Audience) (Laughter)

基本上，就是從這個變成這個。

(On stage) MR: That has to be the greatest YouTube clip of all time.

比如，在這支影片中， 我用液態沙做了一個泡澡池。