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The human voice:
人類的聲音
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It's the instrument we all play.
是大家都會使用的樂器
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It's the most powerful sound in the world, probably.
這或許是世界上最有力的聲音
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It's the only one that can start a war
唯有聲音可以發動戰爭
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or say "I love you."
或說「我愛你」
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And yet many people have the experience
然而很多人都有類似經驗
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that when they speak, people don't listen to them.
沒有人要聽自己說話
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And why is that?
爲什麼呢?
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How can we speak powerfully
如何說話有力量
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to make change in the world?
且強大到可以改變整個世界?
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What I'd like to suggest, there are
我想提出幾個建言
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a number of habits that we need to move away from.
那就是我們必須先改掉某些習慣
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I've assembled for your pleasure here
請容我爲各位蒐集
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seven deadly sins of speaking.
說話的七大原罪
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I'm not pretending this is an exhaustive list,
我不打算謊稱這是一份完整無缺的清單
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but these seven, I think, are pretty large
但我覺得這七大原罪涵蓋的範圍極廣
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habits that we can all fall into.
廣大到我們每個人都會掉入陷阱
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First, gossip,
第一,八卦
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speaking ill of somebody who's not present.
在他人背後說三道四
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Not a nice habit, and we know perfectly well
我們都非常清楚這不是好習慣
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the person gossiping five minutes later
講別人八卦的人
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will be gossiping about us.
五分鐘後就去向別人說我們的八卦
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Second, judging.
第二,任意評斷他人
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We know people who are like this in conversation,
大家都知道這情況常出現在日常閒聊
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and it's very hard to listen to somebody
我們不願去傾聽這種人的想法
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if you know that you're being judged
尤其你知道那人正在評論你
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and found wanting at the same time.
同時還否定你的能力
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Third, negativity.
第三,負面思考
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You can fall into this.
如同以下對話
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My mother, in the last years of her life,
我母親過去三年來
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became very, very negative, and it's hard to listen.
變得極端負面,讓人無法忍受她所說的話
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I remember one day, I said to her,
我記得,某天我跟她說
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"It's October 1 today,"
「今天是10月1日」
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and she said, "I know, isn't it dreadful?"
她竟然說:「對阿,不覺得很讓人沮喪嗎?」
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(Laughter)
(笑聲)
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It's hard to listen when somebody's that negative.
人們難以傾聽負面思考者的說話方式
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And another form of negativity, complaining.
另一種表達負面的方式:抱怨
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Well, this is the national art of the U.K.
這可說是英國的傳統
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It's our national sport. We complain about the weather,
是全民運動,我們抱怨天氣
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about sport, about politics, about everything,
抱怨運動、政治及所有事情
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but actually complaining is viral misery.
但抱怨實際上是一種可怕的傳染病
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It's not spreading sunshine and lightness in the world.
它不會爲世界帶來陽光和光明
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Excuses. We've all met this guy.
藉口,我們都見過這傢伙
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Maybe we've all been this guy.
又或許我們就是這傢伙
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Some people have a blamethrower.
有些人就是愛推託
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They just pass it on to everybody else
他們就只會推卸責任
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and don't take responsibility for their actions,
不會爲自己的行為負責
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and again, hard to listen to somebody who is being like that.
再一次,我們不想聽這種人說話
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Penultimate, the sixth of the seven,
倒數第二,也就是第六原罪
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embroidery, exaggeration.
渲染、把事情鬧大
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It demeans our language, actually, sometimes.
事實上這有時貶低我們的語言
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For example, if I see something
舉例來說,假設我看到
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that really is awesome,
一個棒到不行的東西
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what do I call it?
我要怎麼形容這玩意?
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(Laughter)
(笑聲)
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And then of course this exaggeration becomes lying,
然後誇飾自然而然演變成說謊
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out and out lying, and we don't want to listen
謊話越說越大
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to people we know are lying to us.
我們就不想再聽這種人的謊言
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And finally, dogmatism,
最後一罪,武斷
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the confusion of facts with opinions.
事實摻雜個人見解
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When those two things get conflated,
當這兩樣合併
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you're listening into the wind.
你就會陷入一團迷霧
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You know, somebody is bombarding you with their opinions as if they were true.
當有人一連串向你說出似假還真的言論
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It's difficult to listen to that.
這真的難以聽下去
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So here they are, seven deadly sins of speaking.
這就是說話的七大原罪
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These are things I think we need to avoid.
我認為必須避免上述行為
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But is there a positive way to think about this?
但是有正面的說話方式嗎?
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Yes, there is.
有的
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I'd like to suggest that there are four
容我向各位提出四個
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really powerful cornerstones, foundations,
極具影響力的說話之道
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that we can stand on if we want our speech
我們可以據此來使我們的演說
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to be powerful and to make change in the world.
具備影響力並改變整個世界
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Fortunately, these things spell a word.
幸好可以這些東西可以拼成一個字
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The word is "hail," and it has a great definition as well.
「Hail」(譯註:冰雹),就如同字面上的意思
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I'm not talking about the stuff that falls from the sky
但我指的不是一種從天而降
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and hits you on the head.
然後打到頭的物質
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I'm talking about this definition,
我在談的是這個定義
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to greet or acclaim enthusiastically,
也就是說話要帶有熱誠
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which is how I think our words will be received
這也是我認為別人願意聽我們說話
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if we stand on these four things.
只要我們遵從這四項原則
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So what do they stand for?
它們分別代表什麼呢?
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See if you can guess.
猜猜看
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The H, honesty, of course,
「H」代表誠實
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being true in what you say, being straight and clear.
說話必須坦白、直接、清晰
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The A is authenticity, just being yourself.
「A」代表真實,做自己
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A friend of mine described it as
我朋友形容該行為指的是
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standing in your own truth,
堅持自我信念
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which I think is a lovely way to put it.
我覺得這說法極好
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The I is integrity, being your word,
「I」代表正直,說到做到
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actually doing what you say,
對自己說的話負責
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and being somebody people can trust.
務必做到讓其他人信任
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And the L is love.
「L」代表愛
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I don't mean romantic love,
這裡不是指愛情
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but I do mean wishing people well, for two reasons.
而是指衷心爲別人好,有兩個原因
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First of all, I think absolute honesty
首先,我認為絕對的誠實
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may not be what we want.
或許不是我們要的
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I mean, my goodness, you look ugly this morning.
譬如說:「我的天啊!你今天早上看起來醜斃了!」
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Perhaps that's not necessary.
我想那種話就別提了
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Tempered with love, of course, honesty is a great thing.
說話需語帶體貼,誠實絕對是件好事
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But also, if you're really wishing somebody well,
但如果你真的為他人著想
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it's very hard to judge them at the same time.
卻要同時批評他人是件很不容易的事
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I'm not even sure you can do those two things
我甚至不確定你是否可以同時做到
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simultaneously.
這兩點
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So hail.
所以這就是「Hail」
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Also, now that's what you say,
另外,你要說的話
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and it's like the old song, it is what you say,
就像一首老歌《你說的話》
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it's also the way that you say it.
還有說話的方式也很重要
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You have an amazing toolbox.
你有一個很好的工具箱
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This instrument is incredible,
聲音的工具是不可思議的
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and yet this is a toolbox that very few people have ever opened.
但極少人曾打開這般美好的工具箱
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I'd like to have a little rummage in there
我現在要將一些小工具放進該工具箱
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with you now and just pull a few tools out
和各位一起把部份工具拿出來
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that you might like to take away and play with,
你可能會想帶走這些工具並把玩著
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which will increase the power of your speaking.
這些工具將強化你說話的力道
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Register, for example.
以音域為例
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Now, falsetto register may not be very useful most of the time,
大多時候,高假音不太能派上用場
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but there's a register in between.
但那中間存在著音域
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I'm not going to get very technical about this
我不打算講得多專業
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for any of you who are voice coaches.
尤其你們之中應該有聲樂老師
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You can locate your voice, however.
你卻可以隨意調整發聲的位置
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So if I talk up here in my nose, you can hear the difference.
當我用鼻腔說話,你可以聽出其中的差異
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If I go down here in my throat,
如果我用喉嚨發聲
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which is where most of us speak from most of the time.
我們多數人都用這部位說話
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But if you want weight,
但如果你想要說話聲音有厚度
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you need to go down here to the chest.
你說話時就要從胸腔發聲
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You hear the difference?
聽出兩者間的差異了嗎?
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We vote for politicians with lower voices, it's true,
我們投票給聲音低沉的政治人物,這是事實!
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because we associate depth with power
因為我們常將低嗓和力量
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and with authority.
及權威做聯結
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That's register.
這就是我們說的音域
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Then we have timbre.
然後是音質
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It's the way your voice feels.
音質是指你聲音聽起來的感覺
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Again, the research shows that we prefer voices
研究指出我們喜歡的聲音
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which are rich, smooth, warm, like hot chocolate.
必須帶有渾厚、平穩、溫暖,就像熱巧可力一樣
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Well if that's not you, that's not the end of the world,
如果你的聲音沒有上述的特質,倒也不是世界末日
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because you can train.
理由是你可以訓練你的聲音
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Go and get a voice coach.
去找一個聲樂老師
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And there are amazing things you can do
然後你就可以做許多很美好的事情
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with breathing, with posture, and with exercises
比如訓練呼吸、手勢以及練習
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to improve the timbre of your voice.
來改善聲音的質感
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Then prosody. I love prosody.
再來是我最愛的聲韻學
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This is the sing-song, the meta-language
聲韻學是唱歌也是最大的語言
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that we use in order to impart meaning.
我們常用聲韻學來透露訊息
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It's root one for meaning in conversation.
在日常對話中可是最基本的要素
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People who speak all on one note
當人們只用一種音調說話
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are really quite hard to listen to
說話內容令人難受
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if they don't have any prosody at all.
如果他們完全不用聲韻學
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That's where the world monotonic comes from,
就會衍生出無聊世界
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or monotonous, monotone.
或是絲毫無變化的,音律單調
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Also we have repetitive prosody now coming in,
如詩歌般的反覆單調也是說話的方式之一
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where every sentence ends as if it were a question
每句話句尾語調上揚,就好像問問題一樣
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when it's actually not a question, it's a statement.
但其實這句話是陳述句而非問句
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(Laughter)
(笑聲)
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And if you repeat that one over and over,
若你說話的方式不斷使用問句
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it's actually restricting your ability
反而限制你運用聲韻學
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to communicate through prosody,
來溝通的能力
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which I think is a shame,
我覺得這樣蠻可惜的
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so let's try and break that habit.
所以讓我們一起試著打破這種習慣
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Pace. I can get very, very excited
首先是說話的步調,我可以變得很激動
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by saying something really, really quickly,
話說得很快來表示激動的心情
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or I can slow right down to emphasize,
也可以放慢速度來強調我想說的話
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and at the end of that, of course, is our old friend
最後一點,這點也可說是我們的老朋友
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silence.
沉默
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There's nothing wrong with a bit of silence
有片刻的沉默從不是壞事
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in a talk, is there?
尤其適用於對話,對吧?
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We don't have to fill it with ums and ahs.
我們不需要用「嗯」或「啊」來填補沉默時刻
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It can be very powerful.
沉默可以是強大的力量
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Of course, pitch often goes along with pace
音調時常伴隨著說話的步調
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to indicate arousal, but you can do it just with pitch.
這兩者的結合可以強調說話語氣,但你只用音調就能達成目的
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Where did you leave my keys?
你把我的鑰匙放在哪裡呢?
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Where did you leave my keys?
你把我的鑰匙放在哪裡啊?
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So slightly different meaning
兩句話的語氣
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in those two deliveries.
有些微的差異
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And finally, volume.
最後的最後,音量
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I can get really excited by using volume.
我可以用音量表達我的興奮
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Sorry about that if I startled anybody.
抱歉,如果有人因為我說話大聲而嚇到
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Or, I can have you really pay attention
或者,為了讓你們專心聽我講話
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by getting very quiet.
我可以說得非常小聲
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Some people broadcast the whole time.
有些人整天像廣播器一樣,整天嚷嚷
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Try not to do that.
請不要那樣做
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That's called sodcasting,
我們稱那種聲音為「砲轟廣播」
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imposing your sound on people around you
強迫讓周遭人聽你說話
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carelessly and inconsiderately. Not nice.
這作法既粗心又沒同理心,這樣不好
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Of course, where this all comes into play most of all
大多時候,提高音量的作法
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is when you've got something really important to do.
適用在你有很重要的事想告訴大家
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It might be standing on a stage like this
比如說像我這樣,站在舞台上
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and giving a talk to people.
發表演說
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It might be proposing marriage,
比如說求婚
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asking for a raise, a wedding speech.
比如說請求加薪、婚禮演說
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Whatever it is, if it's really important,
只要是很重要的事都可以
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you owe it to yourself to look at this toolbox
你應該給自己機會來查看說話的工具箱
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and the engine that it's going to work on,
以及這即將運作的說話引擎
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and no engine works well without being warmed up.
但若沒有事前練習,說話引擎無法派上用場
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Warm up your voice.
事先練習你說話的聲音
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Actually, let me show you how to do that.
先讓我為各位示範這練習
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Would you all like to stand up for a moment?
可以請你們站起來一下嗎?
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I'm going to show you the six vocal warmup exercises
我將示範有關事前說話練習的6種聲音
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that I do before every talk I ever do.
每當我演說前,我常做這些準備動作
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Anytime you're going to talk to anybody important, do these.
每當你有話想對你重要的人訴說,就做這些動作
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First, arms up, deep breath in,
首先,把手抬起來、深呼吸
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and sigh out, ahhhhh, like that.
把氣吐出來,像這樣,啊~
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One more time.
跟著我再做一次
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Ahhhh, very good.
啊~,非常好
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Now we're going to warm up our lips,
現在我們來做唇部運動
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and we're going to go ba, ba, ba, ba,
然後一起,巴巴巴巴~
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ba, ba, ba, ba. Very good.
巴巴巴巴~,很好!
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And now, brrrrrrrrrr,
再來,噗~
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just like when you were a kid.
就像你小時候會做的動作
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Brrrr. Now your lips should be coming alive.
噗~,現在你應該感覺嘴唇活過來了
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We're going to do the tongue next
我們接下來做舌部運動
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with exaggerated la, la, la, la, la, la, la, la, la.
要很誇張地做喔,拉、拉、拉、拉~
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Beautiful. You're getting really good at this.
好極了!你們做得越來越好了
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And then, roll an R. Rrrrrrr.
接下來是捲舌,囉~
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That's like champagne for the tongue.
把舌頭當作打開香檳塞的那一刻
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Finally, and if I can only do one,
最後,如果我只能做一個準備動作
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the pros call this the siren.
專家都稱這個是汽笛聲
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It's really good. It starts with "we" and goes to "aw."
我覺得這方式很棒,首先先說「嗚」再說「伊」
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The "we" is high, the "aw" is low.
「嗚」是高音調,「伊」是低音調
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So you go, weeeaawww, weeeaawww.
然後就說嗚伊嗚伊~
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Fantastic. Give yourselves a round of applause.
棒極了!給自己一個大掌聲
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Take a seat, thank you. (Applause)
請坐,謝謝各位!(掌聲)
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Next time you speak, do those in advance.
下次要演說前先做這些動作
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Now let me just put this in context to close.
現在讓我把上述內容作總結
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This is a serious point here.
這是非常重要的一點
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This is where we are now, right?
這也是為何我們會坐在這裡對吧?
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We speak not very well
我們不太懂得如何說話
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into people who simply aren't listening
尤其是在不想聽你說話的人面前發言更是困難
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in an environment that's all about noise and bad acoustics.
尤其是在一個吵雜的環境
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I have talked about that on this stage
我已經在這舞台上
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in different phases.
講解說話的各種階段
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What would the world be like
試想世界將如何改變
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if we were speaking powerfully
假如我們說話有渲染力
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to people who were listening consciously
尤其是對專注傾聽的人而言
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in environments which were actually fit for purpose?
在特定目的的場合
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Or to make that a bit larger,
或者從更寬廣的角度來看
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what would the world be like
這個世界會如何改變
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if we were creating sound consciously
如果我們可以讓聲音有自我意識
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and consuming sound consciously
讓別人意識到我們說話的聲音
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and designing all our environments
以及設計周遭環境
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consciously for sound?
使其存在對聲音的重視呢?
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That would be a world that does sound beautiful,
這個世界可以因聲音而美好
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and one where understanding
在那個世界中
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would be the norm,
體諒是基準
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and that is an idea worth spreading.
這樣的想法非常值得推廣
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Thank you.
謝謝各位
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Thank you. (Applause)
謝謝。(掌聲)