If our bonding is strong and we are securely attached, then we feel safe to explore the world.

如果我們的聯繫牢固，我們能感受安心，那麼我們覺得探索世界是安全的。

We know that there is always that safe base, which we can return to anytime.

我們知道總有那個安全的基礎，我們可以隨時返回。

If our bond is weak, we feel insecurely attached.

如果我們的關係薄弱，我們會感到不安全。

We are afraid to leave or explore a rather scary-looking world because we are not sure if we can return.

我們害怕離開或探索一個相當可怕的世界，因為我們不確定能不能有安全的基地。

People who are securely attached are said to have greater trust, can connect to others, and as a result are more successful in life.

安全依附的人據說有較能信任他人、可以與他人連結，因此在生活中能更成功。

Insecurely attached people tend to mistrust others, lack social skills, and have problems forming relationships.

不安全的人往往不信任他人並缺乏社交技巧，對建立關係有障礙。

There is one type of secure attachment, and there are 3 types of insecure attachments...

有一種類型的安全依附和三種類型的不安全依附：

Anxious/ ambivalent, anxious/ avoidant and anxious/ disorganized.

焦慮/矛盾的、焦慮/迴避和焦慮/混亂。

In responses to distress, the first 3 react organized, while the last acts disorganized.

在遇到麻煩時，前三者能有組織地做出反應，而後者的行為是混亂的。

To understand the theory better, let's look at Mister and Misses Smith, who have 4 children, Luka, Ann, Joe, and Amy.

要更好地理解這個理論，讓我們來看看史密斯夫婦以及他們的四個孩子，盧卡、安、喬和艾米。

The Smiths are lovely parents, who cuddle, make frequent eye contact, speak warmly and are always there for their kids.

史密斯夫婦是充滿愛的父母，常常擁抱，看著彼此， 溫暖地說話，並永遠為孩子著想。

But one day Mister Smith falls very sick and dies.

但是有一天，史密斯先生病倒了，死了。

For Misses Smith life now becomes very difficult.

對史密斯夫人而言，生活變得非常困難。

She spends all day working, while at the same time trying to care for her children— an impossible task.

她整天都在工作，同時試圖照顧她的孩子-- 是個不可能的任務。

At 6 years of age, Luka's brain is for the most part developed, his character strong, and his world-view shaped.

在6歲時，盧卡的大腦大部分都已發育成熟，他的性格鮮明，世界觀也已形成。

The new situation does not affect him much.

所以家裡的新狀態對他影響不大。

He knows there still is always mom⁠, his safe-haven.

他知道總有媽媽，是他的避風港。

He feels securely attached.

他感到安全。

Later, he turns into a trusting and optimistic young man.

後來他變成了一個信任和樂觀的人年輕人。

His self image is positive.

他的自我形像是正向的。

Ann, who is 3, has problems coping with the new lack of attention.

3歲的安，卻不知如何面對缺乏足夠的關注。

To Ann, her mother now acts unpredictably.

對於安，搞不清楚她的母親會做甚麼、會對她有甚麼反應？

She is anxious about their relationship, and as a result becomes clingy.

她擔心他們的關係，結果變得黏媽媽。

To get her mom's attention, she has to raise her emotional state and scream.

為了得到媽媽的注意，她必須提高她的情緒和尖叫。

When her mum finally reacts with a predictable response, she herself acts ambivalent and doesn't show her true feelings.

當她媽媽最終做出可預測的反應時，她自己也很矛盾並沒有表現出她的真實感受。

Later in life, others think Ann is unpredictable or moody.

在以後的生活中，其他人認為安是不可預測的或喜怒無常。

Her self image is less positive.

她的自我形像不太正向。

Her attachment style is anxious/ ambivalent.

她屬於焦慮矛盾依附。

Two-year-old Joe, spends his days with his uncle, who loves him, but thinks that a good education means being strict.

兩歲的喬，花很多時間和他的叔叔在一起，叔叔愛他，但認為良好的教育就是嚴格。

If little Joe shows too much emotion or is too loud, his uncle gets angry and sometimes punitive.

小時候如果喬表現出太多情緒或太大聲，讓叔叔生氣，喬有時候會受到懲罰。

This scares Joe.

這嚇到了喬。

He learns that to avoid fear, he has to avoid showing his feelings⁠— also in other situations.

他學到為避免恐懼，他必須避免表達感情 -- 在其他情況下也是如此。

As an adult he continues this strategy and has problems entering relationships.

長大成年後，他也繼續如此，並且帶著問題進入關係中。

His image of himself is rather negative.

他的自我形象是相當負面的。

His attachment is anxious/avoidant.

他屬於焦慮迴避依附。

Amy, who is just one year old, gets sent to a nursery.

艾米，只有一歲，被送到托兒所。

The staff there is poorly trained, overworked and often very stressed.

那裡的工作人員訓練不足，過度勞累，往往非常緊張。

Some are outright abusive.

有些會徹頭徹尾的辱罵。

Amy therefore becomes anxious of the very people she seeks security from.

艾米因此變得焦慮她尋求安全能保護她的人。

A conflict which totally disorganizes her ideas about love and safety.

於是，她對於愛和安全的想法，整個是完全的混亂衝突。

As she is experiencing fear without resolution, she tries to avoid all social situations.

因為她在沒有解決的情況下經歷恐懼，她試圖避免所有社交場合。

As an adult, she thinks of herself as unworthy of love.

作為一個成年人，她認為自己不值得愛。

Her self image is very negative.

她的自我形象非常負面。

Her attachment is anxious/disorganized.

她屬於焦慮混亂依附。

Our attachment is formed in the very first years of our lives, a time when we are too young to communicate our anxiety, and as a result can experience high levels of stress.

我們的依附型態是在早年生活形成，那時我們還太小，不會表達自己的焦慮卻因此可能承受高度壓力。

Then our adrenal gland, an organ sitting on top of our kidneys, produces the stress hormones adrenaline and cortisol.

然後我們的腎上腺，也就是在我們腎臟上方的器官，產生壓力荷爾蒙腎上腺素和皮質醇。

The heart rate increases, the blood pressure goes up and we become alert.

使心跳加快，血壓上升，而我們變得警覺。

If that happens frequently, it is called toxic stress.

如果經常發生這種情況，則稱為"有害壓力"。

Toxic, because it impairs the development of a child's brain and weakens the immune system.

稱之為有害，是因為它會損害 孩子大腦的發展，並削弱免疫系統。

In embryos or at a very young age, toxic stress can even switch the expressions of genes, which can affect our health many decades later.

在胚胎中或在很小的時候，有害壓力甚至可以改變基因的表達，這可能會在幾十年後影響我們的健康。

By simulating a Strange Situation, we can assess an attachment style, already by the age of 1.

透過著名的"陌生人實驗"，我們就可以在一歲以前評估他們的依附風格。

To do this, we let the child play with their mothers for a few minutes inside a room.

要做到這一點，我們讓孩子玩，同時他們的 媽媽在一個房間待了幾分鐘。

Then the child is left alone.

然後孩子獨自一人。

The key moment is the child's reaction when her mother returns.

關鍵時刻是她媽媽回來時，孩子的反應 。

Securely attached children first usually hug their mother...

安全依附的孩子通常會擁抱 他們的母親，

Then can calm down and eventually get back to playing.

然後可以安靜下來，最後又回去遊戲。

Insecurely attached children can be ambivalent and avoidant.

不安全依附的孩子中的 焦慮矛盾和焦慮迴避。

Some can't stop crying or refuse to continue playing.

則較不能停止哭泣或拒絕繼續玩耍。

The long term effects of our attachment in the early years, are well documented.

我們在早年的依附關係的長期影響，已有詳細記載。

Using the theory, researchers at Minnesota University were able to predict already at age 3, if a child would dropout of high school with 77% accuracy.

利用該理論，明尼蘇達大學的研究人員已經能夠在3歲時做出預測，是否一個孩子會在高中輟學，準確率為百分之77

In another study, undergraduates at Harvard were asked to assess how close they felt to their parents.

在另一項研究中，哈佛大學的本科生被要求評估他們與父母的接近程度。

35 years later, they were ask about their health.

35年後，他們被問及他們的健康狀況。

91% of those who said they had a rather broken relationship with their mother, were also diagnosed with health issues, including coronary artery disease, hypertension, and alcoholism.

百分之 91 的人表示他們與母親的關係相當破碎 ，也被診斷出有健康問題，包括冠狀動脈疾病，高血壓和酗酒。

For those that had reported a warm relationship, the figure of poor health diagnosis was just 45%.

對於那些報告了有溫暖關係的人，健康不良診斷的數字僅為百分之 45 。

But there is another reason why the early years deserve special attention.

但還有另一個原因 為什麼早年值得特別關注。

They are the starting place for subsequent behaviors.

他們是後續的起點行為。

A kid that feels securely attached at age 2, can make friends at kindergarten.

一個在 2 歲時感覺安全的孩子，能夠在幼兒園結交朋友。

Their worldview gets reinforced with every interaction and they develop optimism.

每次互動都會加強他們的世界觀，並發展他們的樂觀。

As a result they make good relationships at school, then at college, and later at work.

結果他們在學校建立了良好的關係，然後也能延續這樣的模式，和同學互動，以及在未來工作中。

Highly insecurely attached children can miss out on this opportunity.

高沒安全感又依附著父母的兒童們就錯過了這個機會。

Psychologist John Bowlby, a pioneer in attachment theory, allegedly said...

據稱，依附理論先驅心理學家 John Bowlby說：

"What cannot be communicated to the mother, cannot be communicated to the self.".

「無法傳達給母親的，也無法傳達給自己。」

In other words: those who feel insecurely attached, might not quite understand themselves.

換句話說：那些感到沒安全感的人，可能不太了解自己。

To get to know who they are and what they feel, they might have to go way back in time.

要了解他們是誰以及他們的感受，可能不得不探索早年的因素。