I look at the chemistry of the ocean today.

I look at the chemistry of the ocean in the past.

is by using the fossilized remains of deepwater corals.

是利用已經變成化石的深海珊瑚的遺骸

You can see an image of one of these corals behind me.

你可以看到在我身後 其中一張珊瑚的照片

It was collected from close to Antarctica, thousands of meters below the sea,

我們在毗鄰南極洲幾千米之下的深海處找到它

so, very different than the kinds of corals

因此 如果你在熱帶旅遊的時候能夠有幸看到一些珊瑚

you may have been lucky enough to see if you've had a tropical holiday.

So I'm hoping that this talk will give you

Two dimensions, such as this beautiful two-dimensional image

比如這張美麗的海洋表面溫度的二維的圖像

This was taken using satellite, so it's got tremendous spatial resolution.

这是由卫星拍摄的 所以拥有极好的空间辨析度

The overall features are extremely easy to understand.

图片上关于整体的特征极其容易了解

The equatorial regions are warm because there's more sunlight.

赤道地区比较温暖 因为那裡接收了更多的阳光

The polar regions are cold because there's less sunlight.

极地地区比较严寒 因为那裡光照稀少

And that allows big icecaps to build up on Antarctica

这让巨大的冰盖在南极洲和北半球上部形成

如果你俯冲入深海之中 或者把你的脚趾放进海里

If you plunge deep into the sea, or even put your toes in the sea,

那是大多是因为流動在海洋深處的海水

and that's mostly because the deep waters that fill the abyss of the ocean

来自寒冷的极地地区 它们的密度更高

come from the cold polar regions where the waters are dense.

如果我们進行時間旅行 回到两万年前

If we travel back in time 20,000 years ago,

如果你真的回到那麼久以前的地球

And I've just given you a cartoon version of one of the major differences

将会看到我用图像给你们展现其中一个最大的不同之处

you would have seen if you went back that long.

它們覆蓋了很多的陸地 而且延伸到了海洋

They covered lots of the continent, and they extended out over the ocean.

二氧化碳含量也比現在低了許多

Carbon dioxide [levels] were very much lower than they are today.

所以可能全球平均氣溫要低了3到5度

So the earth was probably about three to five degrees colder overall,

and much, much colder in the polar regions.

and what other colleagues of mine are trying to understand,

是我們的地球怎麼從一個極寒的星球

is how we moved from that cold climate condition

to the warm climate condition that we enjoy today.

我們了解到這一個從嚴寒到溫暖的轉變過程並不平穩

that the transition from these cold conditions to warm conditions

這也可以從緩慢增長的太陽輻射推測出來

wasn't smooth, as you might predict from the slow increase in solar radiation.

And we know this from ice cores, because if you drill down into ice,

you find annual bands of ice, and you can see this in the iceberg.

Gases are trapped in the ice cores, so we can measure CO2 --

that's why we know CO2 was lower in the past --

and the chemistry of the ice also tells us about temperature

所以我們可以測量氣體中CO2的含量

因此我們知道過去的CO2含量要低得多

And if you move in time from 20,000 years ago to the modern day,

也告訴我們過去極地的溫度信息

如果你的思緒从20,000年前回到现在

It was different in the two polar regions,

So we're pretty sure the ocean has a lot to do with this.

about 60 times more than is in the atmosphere.

所以我們相當確定海洋影響了這個過程

It also acts to transport heat across the equator,

and the ocean is full of nutrients and it controls primary productivity.

So if we want to find out what's going on down in the deep sea,

海洋也影響了热量跨越赤道传播

而且它富有養分 控制了初級生產力

所以我們想弄明白深海中到底發生了什麼事情

This is some spectacular footage coming from a seamount

about a kilometer deep in international waters

in the equatorial Atlantic, far from land.

You're amongst the first people to see this bit of the seafloor,

在鄰近赤道 遠離陸地的大西洋海域

你們是第一批看到這海底一隅的人

You'd have to collect the samples and do some very intense taxonomy.

There are brittle stars growing on these corals.

你需要收集樣本然後進行認真的分類

Those are things that look like tentacles coming out of corals.

There are corals made of different forms of calcium carbonate

growing off the basalt of this massive undersea mountain,

那看起來就像珊瑚裡伸出了觸手

and the dark sort of stuff, those are fossilized corals,

那裡有由各種形式的碳酸鈣組成的珊瑚

and we're going to talk a little more about those

生長在巨大的海底玄武岩山脈上

而那些黑色物質是變成化石的珊瑚

To do that, we need to charter a research boat.

This is the James Cook, an ocean-class research vessel

我们也會對它們進行更多的討論

為了完成這件事 我們要租一艘科研船

這是James Cook 一艘遠洋探索船舶

Sometimes it looks a little more like this.

This is us trying to make sure that we don't lose precious samples.

Everyone's scurrying around, and I get terribly seasick,

so it's not always a lot of fun, but overall it is.

So we've got to become a really good mapper to do this.

You don't see that kind of spectacular coral abundance everywhere.

所以這並不總是很愉快的 但總體來說它是

為了做這件事 我們必須成為非常優秀的製圖人

but we need to really find the right places.

你不可能在所有地方都看到那樣壯觀的大片珊瑚

We just saw a global map, and overlaid was our cruise passage

隻有在極少數的 深海的地方才能看到

但我們迫切地需要找到正確的地方

我們參考一張標明去年巡遊路線的世界地圖

of about 75,000 square kilometers of the seafloor in seven weeks,

but that's only a tiny fraction of the seafloor.

關於75,000平方千米的海底的地圖

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【TED】勞拉-羅賓遜：我在神祕海底發現的祕密（The secrets I find on the mysterious ocean floor | Laura Robinson）。 (【TED】Laura Robinson: The secrets I find on the mysterious ocean floor (The secrets I find on the mysterious ocean floor | Laura Robinson))