過去簡單式

By the time I hit 10th grade, I'd lived in 10 different places.

By the time I hit 3rd grade, I'd fallen off the math bandwagon.

在我讀到三年級時，我就無法再體會它的魅力了

through elementary, middle, and high school math and science.

So it's a little strange looking back now

because today I am a professor of engineering

因為現在 我正是電機工程學系的教授

One day, one of my students found out about my past,

有一天 我的學生發現了我的經歷

and he asked me, "How did you do it? How did you change your brain?"

他問我：「你是怎麼做到的？ 如何讓你的大腦經歷那麼大的改變？」

And I thought, you know, "How did I do it?"

我想：「對呀，我到底是怎麼做到的？」

and that's all I wanted to learn when I grew up,

那是我唯一有興趣學的東西，但當我長大後

but I didn't have the money to go to college,

so I enlisted in the army right out of high school

You can see me there, looking very nervous,

你可以在圖片中看到 我非常緊張地

and I ended up working out on Soviet trawlers, up on the Bering Sea,

結果 我到蘇聯 Bering Sea 的漁船工廠

So, I just love adventure and getting new perspectives.

So I also ended up in Antarctica, at the South Pole Station.

That's where I ended up meeting my husband.

I had to go to the end of the Earth to meet that man.

我要到地球的「另一端」 才能和他相遇

But I begin to realize something, though.

I was doing all these adventures and seeing these new perspectives,

我一直冒險、獲得了全新的觀點

但是，那些好像是很...「外在的」

They weren't internal; I wasn't changing inside.

它們並不是「內在的」，我的內在並沒有比較充實

在軍中時，我跟那些西點軍校的工程師一起工作

I worked with all these West Point engineers,

and they had these powerful techniques for problem solving.

他們有非常厲害的工具 ，可以幫助他們解決問題

I'd look sometimes at what they were doing,

「我有時候也想瞭解一下 ，他們到底在幹麻

and they had these calculus and physics books,

他們運用 微積分、物理知識等工具

而那對我而言，就像是...象形文字。」

But I thought, "What if I could get those ideas?"

我又想：「如果 我可以學會那些知識呢？」

「如果，我可以瞭解他們『溝通』的語言呢？」

but math, and science, and technology are important, too.

但是數學、科學和科技也很重要呀

and add them to the ideas I already knew and loved?

運用到已知的知識上，可以產生什麼火花？

So, when I got out of the military, at age 26,

But if I knew then what I know now about how to learn,

但是如果  我那時候就知道「學習的方法」

I could have learned much more easily and much more effectively.

that student's question, "How did I change my brain?",

那個學生的問題： 「我是怎麼讓大腦改變的？」

I begin reaching out to top professors from around the world,

我開始與世界各地的頂尖學者聯絡

people who not only had knowledge of their difficult areas of expertise,

他們都不僅在專業領域有豐富知識

並且可以有效率地幫助學生學習

And how do you teach, so others could learn?"

你們如何教導，讓別人能夠理解？」

and the way they taught was often similar to the way I learned and I taught.

It was almost like this kind of shared fraternal handshake.

But we often didn't know why we did what we did.

但是我們並不知道，我們 為什麼 要那樣做

So I begin researching neuroscience and cognitive psychology,

所以 我開始著手研究  神經科學 及 認知心理學

and reaching out to talk to top experts of those fields.

Here is what I found, the keys to learning effectively.

As we know, the brain is enormously complex.

But we can simplify its operation into two fundamentally different modes.

但是 我們可以根據它運作的方式，將它分為兩種模式

The first is just what I'll call the focus mode.

The focus mode is just like it sounds like:

you turn your attention to something and boom! It's on.

你全心全意地專注在一件事情，在某一刻，你就想通了

But the second mode is a little different.

It's a relaxed set of neural states that I'll call the diffuse mode.

是一種精神放鬆狀態，我稱它為 分心模式

you're going back and forth between these two different modes.

How can we better understand these modes?

What we're going to use is a pinball machine analogy.

and the ball goes boinking out and bounces around on the rubber bumpers,

What we're going to do is we're going to take this pinball

and we're going to put it right on your brain.

There's the pinball machine on your brain.

If you look, this is the analogy for the focus mode.

如果你仔細看，現在是對於專注模式的譬喻

When you're learning, you're often thinking tightly,

在學習時 我們經常很「緊繃地」想事情

It involves thoughts you're somewhat familiar with,

大腦會去聯想那些你熟悉的事物、

or you're familiar with the multiplication table.

So you think a thought, and it takes off, and moves along smoothly,

當你開始思考，他就開始順順地滑

pretty much along the pathways that you've already laid.

幾乎是遵循那些 它之前走過的路徑

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