with my colleague, Emmanuelle Charpentier,

I invented a new technology for editing genomes.

發明了一個可以編輯基因組的新技術，

The CRISPR technology allows scientists to make changes

that could allow us to cure genetic disease.

這技術我們可以用來治療基因疾病。

that the CRISPR technology came about through a basic research project

CRISPR技術其實來自於 一個基礎的科學研究，

that was aimed at discovering how bacteria fight viral infections.

它的主要目的是了解細菌 如何與病毒感染做對抗。

Bacteria have to deal with viruses in their environment,

細菌必須在它們的環境裡對付病毒。

and we can think about a viral infection like a ticking time bomb --

我們可以這麼想， 病毒感染像是個定時炸彈，

a bacterium has only a few minutes to defuse the bomb

So, many bacteria have in their cells an adaptive immune system called CRISPR,

很多細菌在它們的細胞裡有一種 適應力免疫系統叫做 "CRISPR" ，

that allows them to detect viral DNA and destroy it.

它可以使細菌偵測到病毒DNA並消滅它。

Part of the CRISPR system is a protein called Cas9,

CRISPR系統中，有一部分 是一種叫Cas9的蛋白質，

that's able to seek out, cut and eventually degrade viral DNA

它能夠以特殊的方式尋找出、剪斷

to understand the activity of this protein, Cas9,

that we realized that we could harness its function

a way for scientists to delete or insert specific bits of DNA into cells

一種可以讓科學家用難以置信的精準度

來消除或插入特定DNA片段到細胞中，

這技術提供了一個前所未有的機會，

to do things that really haven't been possible in the past.

讓我們可以做到 以前不可能達到的事。

The CRISPR technology has already been used

to change the DNA in the cells of mice and monkeys,

that they could even use the CRISPR technology

And scientists in Philadelphia showed they could use CRISPR

在費城的科學家證實， 他們可以利用CRISPR 技術

to remove the DNA of an integrated HIV virus

移除HIV病毒( 人類免疫缺陷病毒 )。

The opportunity to do this kind of genome editing

這個充滿契機的基因組編輯技術，

also raises various ethical issues that we have to consider,

也引發了各種我們必須 認真思考的道德爭議。

because this technology can be employed not only in adult cells,

因為這種技術不僅可以運用在成人細胞上，

所以，我跟我同事一起來呼籲，

I've called for a global conversation about the technology that I co-invented,

我們要針對這個技術召開一次全球對話，

so that we can consider all of the ethical and societal implications

What I want to do now is tell you what the CRISPR technology is,

我現在已經告訴你們 CRISPER技術是甚麼、

and why I think we need to take a prudent path forward

及我為什麼認為我們需要一個縝密的思路

in the way that we employ this technology.

When viruses infect a cell, they inject their DNA.

當病毒感染一個細胞， 他們會插入他們的DNA

the CRISPR system allows that DNA to be plucked out of the virus,

CRISPER系統可以把病毒的DNA拔掉，

and inserted in little bits into the chromosome --

並且插進一小片段DNA到染色體內，

And these integrated bits of viral DNA get inserted at a site called CRISPR.

而這些成簇的病毒DNA會被插入到 一個名為CRISPR位置點。

CRISPR stands for clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeats.

CRISPR也就是 "規律成簇的間隔短回文重複" 。

A big mouthful -- you can see why we use the acronym CRISPR.

很繞舌--你們可以了解為什麼 我們要使用CRISPER縮寫代替

It's a mechanism that allows cells to record, over time,

CRISPER是一種機制-- 它允許細胞隨時紀錄

And importantly, those bits of DNA are passed on to the cells' progeny,

而且很重要的，這些片段DNA 會遺傳到細胞的後代

so cells are protected from viruses not only in one generation,

所以細胞不只一個世代會 一直被保護不受病毒感染，

This allows the cells to keep a record of infection,

這允許細胞持有受感染的紀錄，

and as my colleague, Blake Wiedenheft, likes to say,

就像我同事Blake Wiedenheft喜歡說的，

the CRISPR locus is effectively a genetic vaccination card in cells.

CRISPR的軌跡事實上就是 細胞的一張基因疫苗接踵卡。

Once those bits of DNA have been inserted into the bacterial chromosome,

一旦這些片段DNA被插入到細菌染色體，

the cell then makes a little copy of a molecule called RNA,

細胞就會複製出一小段叫RNA的分子，

that is an exact replicate of the viral DNA.

and it allows interaction with DNA molecules

So those little bits of RNA from the CRISPR locus

所以這些從CRISPER區域轉錄的RNA片段，

associate -- they bind -- to protein called Cas9,

會協助他們結合出一種叫Cas9的蛋白質，

and form a complex that functions like a sentinel in the cell.

這個蛋白質綜合體像是細胞的衛兵，

It searches through all of the DNA in the cell,

to find sites that match the sequences in the bound RNAs.

在結合的RNA裡找到符合序列的位置，

as you can see here, the blue molecule is DNA --

就如你所看到DNA上的藍色分子，

and allows the Cas9 cleaver to cut up the viral DNA.

並允許 Cas9蛋白質像刀一樣 切斷病毒DNA

So we can think of the Cas9 RNA sentinel complex

like a pair of scissors that can cut DNA --

it makes a double-stranded break in the DNA helix.

它在DNA螺旋結構中， 製造了一種"雙股螺旋斷裂"。

And importantly, this complex is programmable,

最重要的，這種綜合體是可以程式化的，

so it can be programmed to recognize particular DNA sequences,

所以它程式化後可以用來 辨認特定的DNA序列

and make a break in the DNA at that site.

並且在DNA的特定位置制造一個斷裂，

這也是我現在即將要告訴你們的，

we recognized that that activity could be harnessed for genome engineering,

我們已公認這個技術， 可以在基因工程上被駕馭，

to allow cells to make a very precise change to the DNA

at the site where this break was introduced.

允許細胞裡的DNA有一個非常精準的變化。

to the way that we use a word-processing program

好比在一個檔案夾裡修正一段錯字一樣

The reason we envisioned using the CRISPR system for genome engineering

我們在想使用CRISPR系統 用於基因組工程的原因是

is because cells have the ability to detect broken DNA

因為細胞具有檢測損壞的DNA的能力

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【TED】Jennifer Doudna：CRISPR如何讓我們編輯我們的DNA (How CRISPR lets us edit our DNA | Jennifer Doudna) (【TED】Jennifer Doudna: How CRISPR lets us edit our DNA (How CRISPR lets us edit our DNA | Jennifer Doudna))