The optimists will say that this glass is half full, while the pessimists proclaim it's half empty.

樂觀主義者會說這個杯子裡的水還有一半，悲觀主義者則會說水只剩一半了

Pinocchio's nose will become longer if he makes up more lies.

如果皮諾丘再編造謊話，他的鼻子就會變得更長。

In order to make her face brighter, Snow White puts on make-up every day.

為了讓臉部肌膚更明亮，白雪公主每天都上妝。

We have to make up to fairy-godmother for stealing her wand.

因為偷了神仙教母的魔杖，所以我們必須補償她。

I made up my mind to become a singer when I was five.

我在五歲時就下定決心要當歌手。

程度副詞

Of course, others may suggest that it's completely full of all the atoms that made up water and air.

當然，還有一些人會說這杯子裡充滿的是組成水和空氣的原子

情態助動詞 B1

Others still might remind you that atoms are 99.99% empty space,

另一派的人會告訴你原子 99.99 % 是不占空間的

這麼說，這個杯子裡幾乎空無一物！

can science explain your emotional perspective and outlook on life?

科學是否能解釋你看事情的態度和對人生的看法？

It turns out, it may not be in your control.

結果顯示，是悲觀還樂觀並非自己能夠決定

Research has shown that those with two long alleles on specific genes controlling for serotonin

研究顯示生來有兩個控制血清素的長對偶基因的人

are more likely to focus on positive images - like someone enjoying ice cream

比較容易把注意力放在正向的畫面上，例如一個正在快樂吃著冰淇淋的人

- compared to those with a short allele on the same gene,

相較之下，生來只有一個短對偶基因的人

who are more likely to focus on negative images - like someone being robbed.

比較容易留意到負面的畫面，例如有人被搶了

Variation in the oxytocin receptor gene can also affect your outlook;

催產素接收基因的差異也可能影響你的觀點；

Individuals with two copies of guanine are noted to be more optimistic with higher self-esteem,

基因裡有兩對鳥嘌呤的人被指出比較樂觀，自尊心也比較強

while those with copies of adenine were less positive.

而有兩對腺嘌呤的人則較不樂觀

So it seems that people may be genetically susceptible to pessimism.

所以看起來一部份的人可能天生就比較悲觀

Interestingly, optimists are less likely to be rehospitalized after coronary artery bypass surgery,

有趣的是，樂觀主義者在冠狀動脈搭橋手術後，再住院的機率較低、

show higher academic achievements and even better socioeconomic status.

有更顯著的學術成就，甚至享有較高的社會經濟地位

But it's not all good; they can overestimate their abilities and underestimate risk.

但並不是什麼都好；他們很有可能做超越自己能力的事，並且低估風險

Ariel told her daughter that she should be cautious with the sea witch.
Ariel told her daughter that she should be cautious about the sea witch.
Ariel told her daughter that she should be cautious of the sea witch.

艾莉兒告訴她女兒說她應該要小心海巫婆。

Pessimists, on the other hand, have a more realistic view of the world, are more cautious when planning for the future and may even live longer.

相對的，悲觀主義者能看見世界較真實的一面

A landmark study spanning 20 years found that pessimists use a cautious approach to their finances and health,

在規劃未來時會比較小心，甚至因此活得比較長一個歷經 20 年的重大研究顯示

Sometimes you don't have to translate a paragraph literally.

有的時候，你不必逐字去翻譯一篇文章。

I am literally dying after three consecutive days of exam!

連續考完三天試之後我根本快死掉了！

avoiding risky behaviours such as smoking and excessive drinking,

悲觀主義者面對財務和健康時會十分謹慎

ultimately giving them the last laugh - literally - over optimists.

也較容易避免像是抽煙和飲酒過度這種有風險的行為

But, statistically, most of us are hardwired to lean towards optimism.

讓他們相較於樂觀主義者更為長壽

Known as the Optimism Bias and found in around 80% of the population,

但是，數據顯示，大多數人生來就較為樂觀

we tend to overestimate the probability of positive events occurring in the future,

這個現象被稱為「樂觀偏見」，80 % 的人都是如此

while grossly underestimating the probability of negative ones.

我們傾向於過度相信未來會發生的事會是好的

For example, even though the divorce rate can be as high as 40%,

並且嚴重忽略負面事情的可能性

most newlyweds predict their probability of getting divorced at...0%.

例如，即使現在離婚率高達 40 %

Chances are, when you imagine your future, it's usually better than your current situation.

很多新婚夫妻都預想他們離婚的機率是...0 %

Furthermore, we often imagine ourselves as being more intelligent, sociable and honest than other people.

其實呢，你想像的未來通常都比現況好另外，我們常常想像自己比實際上更聰明、有更多朋友，也比其他人更誠實

we actually see the left half exhibits increased activity when imagining positive events,

當人想像正向的事情時，我們真的能看見大腦左半部變得活躍

whereas during negative events the right half's activity does increases,

而當想負面的事情時，右半邊會變得較活躍

Does anyone have a different perspective on  this accident?

有任何人對這次的意外有不同的看法嗎?

From my point of view, this story is too difficult for a child to understand.

從我的觀點來看，這個故事對孩子來說太難理解了。

I will always respect different opinions.

Pocahontas must learn to see things in perspective.

寶嘉康蒂應該要學會正確地觀察事物。

As a princess, her etiquette at the banquet is out of perspective.

身為一個公主，她在餐宴的禮儀是不恰當的。

This suggests that the brain chooses to ignore and filter out negative information and focus on positivity.

這顯示人的大腦選擇忽略、 過濾掉負面資訊，並專注在正向想法上

Our perspective is, whether you're genetically predisposed to see the glass as half empty or half full — don't waste water and just drink the damn glass already!

我們的看法是，不論你生來傾向相信杯子只剩一半的水或還有一半的水，都別浪費了，快喝杯子裡的水吧！

This actually reminded us of another common saying though,

We answered that one over on AsapTHOUGHT with a special giveaway which you can click here or use the link in the description to check out.

我們在 AsapTHOUGHT 上回答過這個問題，你可以點擊這裡或說明欄裡的連結去瞧瞧

Special thanks to Audible for supporting this episode and giving you a free audiobook at your choice at "audible.com/asap."

這一集特別感謝 Audible 的贊助，並且在 audible.com/asap 送你們一本免費的有聲書

This week, we wanted to recommend the book "The Wright Brothers,"

本週我們推薦的書是《萊特兄弟》

which is the amazing story behind the brothers who taught the world how to fly -

描述兩兄弟如何讓人類可以飛行在空中的精彩故事

while staying optimistic through all the challenges they faced!

當遇到困難時他們都能保持樂觀！

You can get a free copy at audible.com/asap

你可以在 audible.com/asap 免費獲得

or any other of your choice from a massive selection!

We love them as they are great when you're on the go.

我們很喜歡這些書籍，因為在外出時也能方便閱讀

Don't forget to ask your burning questions, and subscribe for more weekly science videos.

不要忘記提出你迫切的問題，並訂閱更多每週科學影片。

常常聽到「嘿！你好樂觀喔！」或是「天啊！你也太悲觀了吧！振作點！」類似這樣的話，但你知道一個人樂觀與否除了後天環境的影響，天生的基因竟然也占了舉足輕重的角色嗎？來看看這部有趣的影片，一起探索究竟基因是如何影響我們的吧！ 1optimists0:01 optimist 樂觀主義者、pessimist 悲觀主義者，這兩個是用來形容人。...