Has anyone among you ever been exposed to tear gas?

在座有人曾經接觸過催淚瓦斯嗎？

情態助動詞 B1

I'm sorry to hear that, so you might know that it's a very toxic substance,

我很抱歉聽到有人接觸過，如你所知那是種毒性很強的物質，

but you might not know that it's a very simple molecule

但你可能不知道它是一個非常簡單的分子，

叫做「chlorobenzalmalononitrile 」。

It's decades old, but it's becoming very trendy among police forces

似乎開始流行於全球的警察機關。

and according to my experience as a non-voluntary breather of it,

以我本人經驗，作為一個非自願的吸入者，

tear gas has two main but quite opposite effects.

催淚瓦斯有兩個非常不同的效果。

and two, it can also help you to open them.

二，它也能讓你睜大眼睛、開拓眼界。

Tear gas definitely helped to open mine to something

催淚瓦斯確實讓我看到一些事情，

that I want to share with you this afternoon:

that livestreaming the power of independent broadcasts through the web

就是「直播串流」在網路獨立廣播的力量。

它可以成為改變新聞報導的利器，

in activism, and as I see it, in the political discourse as well.

實踐主義，以我之見，也可用於政治論述。

That idea started  to dawn on me in early 2011

when I was covering a protest in São Paulo.

那時我在報導聖保羅的抗議活動。

a gathering of people asking for the legalization of cannabis.

人群聚集起來，要求將大麻合法化。

the riot police came from the back with rubber bullets, bombs,

鎮暴警察帶著橡膠子彈、炸彈和催淚彈，

I had entered that protest as the editor-in-chief

我參加了那次示威遊行，作為一本

of a well-established printed magazine where I'd worked for 11 years,

知名印刷雜誌的總編，而我已為雜誌社工作了11年。

and thanks to this unsolicited effects of tear gas,

多虧催淚瓦斯帶來的霸道效果，

I left it as a journalist that was now committed to new ways

我離開了那家雜誌社，並以一名記者的身分，

of sharing the raw experience of what it's like to be there, actually.

致力於以新的方式分享我在其中的粗淺經驗。

So in the following week, I was back in the streets,

在後來的一個星期，我回到街頭，

but that time, I wasn't a member of any media outlet anymore.

但這次，我不再是任何傳媒機構的一員。

I was there as an independent livestreamer, and all I had with me

而是一個獨立的現場流式傳播者，

I had a very simple camera and a backpack with 3G modems.

我有一個簡單的攝像機，一個裝著3G數據機的背包，

And I had this weblink that could be shared through social media,

還有一個可以分享到社群網站的網路連結，

這個網路連結可以放入任何網站。

and that time, the protest went along fine.

because I could see at a distance the TV channels covering it,

我看到遠處有一些電視臺在做報導，

and they had these big vans and the teams and the cameras,

他們有很大的轉播車、採訪隊和許多攝像機。

我基本上和他們做的是一樣的，

And that was really exciting to a journalist,

對新聞記者來說那是真的很令人興奮。

but the most interesting part was when I got back home, actually,

實際上，但是最有趣的是當我回到家，

because I learned that I had been watched

and I got hundreds of emails and messages of people asking me, basically,

我收到數百封的電郵和短訊，許多人問我，

And I learned something else, that that was actually the first time

that somebody had ever done a livestreaming in a street protest

有人為一個街頭示威做「現場流式傳播」，

because I was no geek, I was no technology guy,

因為我不是極客，也不是科技宅，

and all the equipment needed was already there,

And I realized that we had a frontier here,

然後我意識到，這裡有一個待開發的領域。

that it was just a matter of changing the perspective,

already used, as a colossal and uncontrollable

也已經被用來作為一個巨大的，

and highly anarchical TV channel, TV network,

且無法控制的電視頻道和電視網，

and anyone with very basic skills and very basic equipment,

任何有基本技能和基本設備的人，

even someone like me who had this little stuttering issue,

even someone like me could become a broadcaster.

甚至像我這樣的人都能成為一個傳播者。

And that sounded revolutionary in my mind.

在我心裏那聽起來很具革命性。

I started to experiment with livestreaming in different ways,

我開始實驗用不同的方式做即時流式傳播，

not only in the streets but mostly in studios and in homes,

不只是在街上，而是大多在工作室內和房子裏，

when I became the cofounder of a group called Mídia NINJA.

我成為一個叫做「媒體隱者」（Mídia NINJA） 的團體的共同創辦人。

that stands for Narrativas Independentes  Jornalismo e Ação,

代表（葡萄牙文）Narrativas Independentes Jornalismo e Ação。

or in English, independent narratives, journalism, and action.

英文的意思是獨立敘事、新聞報導、和行動。

It was a media group that had little media plan.

那是一個沒有媒體計劃的媒體團體。

We were not planning to make money out of this,

which was wise, because you shouldn't try to make money out of journalism now.

因為你不應嘗試從新聞報導獲利，所以那是明智之舉。

But we had a very solid and clear conviction,

但是我們有非常堅定和清楚的信念，

that we knew that the hyperconnected environment of social media

我們知道社會媒體的超級連結，

a network of experimental journalists throughout the country.

遍及全國的一個實驗性的新聞記者的廣播網。

So we launched a Facebook page first, and then a manifesto,

因此我們就先開始了一個臉書網頁，然後一個宣言，

and started to cover the streets in a very simple way.

然後以一個非常簡單的方式，從街道開始報導。

But then something happened, something that wasn't predicted,

然而，我們沒預料的事情發生了，

Street protests started to erupt in São Paulo.

聖保羅的街道上的示威者開始爆發。

開始時是小小的和一些特定的範圍的。

They were against the bus fare hike that had just happened in the city.

他們反對那時剛開始實施的市區公車票漲價。

But those kind of manifestations started to grow,

So the police violence against them started to grow as well.

警察對他們的暴力鎮壓也開始增強。

2011年的時候，記者布魯諾·托圖拉報導了聖保羅一次事態惡化的抗議活動。他受到了催淚瓦斯的攻擊，這份經歷對他的工作產生的重要的影響，他辭了職，並開始專注於在網上直播原始的、未經剪輯的實錄影片。在這個精彩的演講中，他分享了一些他試驗過的網上直播的方法，並在這一過程中，幫助建立了一個非常現代的媒體網絡。學這些英文用法：TED,報導,媒體,催淚瓦斯,傳播,政治,新聞,網路,警察,權威,設備,電視,成為,重要,獨立,觀點,聽眾,表達,廣播,組織,簡單,記者,暴力,大麻,版本,團體,背包,接觸,主觀,國家,主義,走上,專案,觀看,追隨,工作室,逮捕,眼睛,經驗,隊伍,直播,實踐,頻道,嘗試,公民,代表,影像,衝突,臉書,雜誌,實際,網絡,年輕人,現場,領域,實驗,看到,作用,效果,對話,事件,行動,短訊,叫做,手機,計劃,嚴重,環境,要求,鎮壓,睜大,興奮,巨大,網站,串流,社會,世界,橡膠,吸入,市區,壟斷,格式,電郵,決定性,財政,帖子,直接,隱形,合法化,同理心,論述,回到,智慧型,獲利,網頁,想法,現狀,政客,清除,場面,人權,客觀,遠處,炸彈,縮寫,身分,子彈,公車,指數,融合,堅定,實施,矛盾,增強,交換,改變,資助,市中心,幫助,心態,榮幸,市民,抗議,辯論,場所,立場,放入,隱者,現場流式,流式...