The Canadian-English Dictionary. Over 500 sold. Not many Canadians, I think, eh?

加拿大－英語字典。賣了超過500本。我想，加拿大人不多，哈？

Just joking. It's 500,000, and my name is James from EngVid. Welcome.

開個玩笑。是 50萬本，而我是 EngVid 的詹姆士。 歡迎你。

to 不定詞

I'm going to help you today learn to use this thing and not this thing.

今天，我要來幫你學習去用這個東西而不是這個。

And there's a reason why, and I'm going to tell you why today because I think it's an important lesson that I don't see people really talk about a lot.

而這是為什麼，我要告訴你為什麼今天今這堂課十分的重要，且我沒有看到人們認真地去多加著墨。

They -- in classes, and I teach classes, we mention it.

他們 -- 在課堂上，而我教課時，會談論這個主體。

And students always come -- not always. Bad. You're so forward.

而學生通常會來 -- 不是通常。糟糕。你們都太先進了。

They usually use an electronic dictionary, but I prefer the paper because today I'm going to teach you how to build your vocabulary using this, something that's a few hundred years old.

他們通常使用電子字典，但我偏愛紙本，因為今天我要教你的是如何用這本字典來建立你的字彙量，這是幾百年前的老方式。

So let's start off: "Know your dictionary."

所以我們開始吧。「了解你的字典」。

Do you know what your dictionary -- do you know who your dictionary is or what your dictionary is?

你知道你的字典 -- 你知道你的字典是什麼或是誰嗎？

I ask you because I'm going to ask you do you know "prescriptive" versus "descriptive"?

我會這樣問是因為我要問你，你知道 "prescriptive" 和 "descriptive" 差別嗎？

Most students don't know the difference, and it's a very important difference for you to know.

大多數的學生不知道差異在哪，然而知道這兩個字的差異對你來說是十分重要的。

If you're a native English speaker, this is your dictionary. It's good. It's great.

如果英語是你的母語，這就是你的字典。這很好、很棒。

It says things like, "'Choral' -- or of a choir.

它會說類似 : 'Choral' -- 或屬於一個合唱團。

'Chorale': slow stately hymn tune", and you're thinking, well, if you're learning English, "What did James just say to me?"

'Chorale' : 慢慢哼出的音調，然後你會想，嗯，如果你正在學習英語的話：「詹姆士剛剛到底說了些什麼？」

"'Retrench': reduce expenditure, cut." You know, like, "What?"

'Retrench' ：縮減之出，修剪。你會說：「什麼？」

Well, this is because it's prescriptive. "Prescriptive". Think of a doctor, you know, the guy who checks your chest, like, your heart.

那麼，這是因為這就是字的用法規範。"Prescriptive"。想想看以醫生為例，你知道的，就是會拿聽診器在你胸口聽的人，比如說，聽你的心音。

He prescribed something to you, right? Gives you something.

他給你開了些處方，明白？給你些什麼。

But he doesn't give you any kind of extra information. He's the doctor. He's the expert. They tell you and you know.

但他不給你任何其他額外的資訊。他是個醫生。是個專家。他告訴你，然後你聽就是了。

Well, if you have a command of the English language or you speak English, of course you know all the other words they use.

那麼，如果你能掌握英語或你能說英語，你一定會知道全部其他他們會用的字。

"'Critic': Professional judge." I know all these words.

'Critic' ：專業判斷。我知道這全部的字。

I don't have to learn these words, so it's great.

我不需要去學這些字了，真開心。

But if you're learning English -- and learning English -- and I want to tell you this because a lot of people don't know.

但如果你正在學習英語 -- 而學習英語 -- 我想要告訴你這些是由於許多人都不知道。

You know my name, right? My name is James ESL, right? James. I can't even spell my own name. It's a lie.

你知道我的名字，對吧？我叫詹姆士 ESL，可以嗎？詹姆士。我甚至不會拼我自己的名字。騙人的。

My name is James ESL. And some of you said, for sure, What is "ESL?"

我的名字是詹姆士 ESL。而你們有些人會問，廢話，什麼是 ESL？

That's a funny name. Because it's not my name.

那是個好笑的名字。因為那根本不是我的名字。

"ESL" stands for "English as a Second Language". That's what it stands for.

"ESL" 意思是「以英語為第二外語」。就是這個意思。

Many of your teachers use it, and they never tell you what it means.

許多你們的老師會使用他，而他們絕不會跟你解釋那代表什麼意涵。

So it means James is teaching English as a second language. And that's for you guys.

所以這就代表詹姆士他教英語為第二外語。而這是特別跟你們講解的。

You have French, Hindi, Arabic as first languages, and you want to get another language.

你們有人是以法語，印度語，或阿拉伯語為母語，而你們想要多學一種語言。

What you need is a descriptive dictionary. What does that mean?

你需要的是一本有解釋說明的字典。這是什麼意思？

這個嘛，讓我來解釋一下給你聽。

There is a thing that is long, has a big head, a smile. It has little lines on its body. Its first name starts with M. His last name starts with E.

這裡有一件東西很長，有很大的頭，和一張笑臉。這是一些在他身上的細小的線條。他的名字是 M 開頭。他的姓氏是 E 開頭。你知道我在說誰了嗎？

Do you know whom I'm describing? It's Mr. E. Right? I described it to you.

就是E 先生，對吧？我描述它給你聽。

An ESL dictionary is descriptive, right? So the first thing you should know is, is your dictionary prescriptive or descriptive?

一個以英語為第二外語的字典是具有說明、敘述性的，對吧？所以第一件你該知道的事，就是你的字典是規範性的還是說明性的？

"Prescriptive", like a prescription from a doctor -- it just tells you this is what the word means.

"Prescriptive"，像是來自醫生的處方籤一樣 -- 就只告訴你這些字的字義。

It does not give explanation -- it gives an explanation, but no diagrams and no definition, okay?  Or explanation.

它不會給你任何解釋 -- 它給一個解釋，但卻沒有圖表和定義，明白嗎？或解釋。

For example, a descriptive one not only tells you what the world is, it gives you an example of its use in speech.  It helps you.

舉例來說，一本說明性的字典不只告訴你這些字的字義，它也給你這些字的用在口語中的例子。它幫助你理解。

Maybe even a picture to show you. That's for the ESL.

也許甚至給你一張圖說明解釋。這是給英語為第二外語的人用的字典。

So when you're looking for a paper dictionary, go to your bookstore and ask for a descriptive dictionary because you're studying ESL, and they'll give you the perfect dictionary for you, okay?

所以當你在挑選紙本字典時，到書局問你要說明性的字典，因為你是以英語為第二外語的學生，而他們就會給你就是你想要的那種字典，明白了嗎？

So what are we going to do next? That's the first thing: Know what dictionary you have because this one will help.

所以我們接下來要做什麼？第一件事情就是：了解你的字典，因為這個選對的話幫助的差異很大。

Now, I will tell you this, though: Once you start going from the beginning and intermediate, you need the prescriptive because that's what a fluent native speaker would use, and that's what you use.

好，我要告訴你這個，這是條艱困的路：只要你一旦踏上這條道路成為初學者或中級學生，你會需要規範性的字典，因為那是要成為流利的使用英語好像英語是變成他的母語一般的講者會使用的字典，而那是我建議你使用的。

So there's a reason for both. Don't forget that.

所以這就是 同時使用這兩種字典的原因。不要忘了。

If you're advanced, get prescriptive. If you're new, get descriptive.

如果你已經是進階者，你用規範性字典。新手就用說明性的。

Next. Does your dictionary use phonetic or does it use syllables to tell you how the word sounds?

下一個。你的字典是用語音學的方式還是用音標的方式告訴你該怎麼讀生字？

"Huh?" Well, I investigated because I'm like a reporter -- like Clark Kent, Superman -- and I discovered that not every dictionary is the same.

「蛤？」這個嘛，我調查這個的原因是我本身是個記者 -- 就像超人克拉克．肯特，我發現不是每部字典都相同。

Some use phonetics, and they use the International Phonetic Alphabet.

有些用語音學的標示，它們使用的是國際語音字母。

Some of you have studied it in school, right? Where you have those funny little things, where, you know, like the upside down E -- I can't even do it.

你們當中有一些人在學校應該有學過，對吧？在那兒會有那些有趣的小玩意兒，那兒會有，你知道的，像是上下顛倒的大寫字母E -- 我甚至不會寫。

I think it's like -- and it means something to you people, okay?

我想它是像這樣 -- 而你們可能會產生一些共鳴，了解嗎？

But in international language, you would use these symbols to show language, right?

但在國際語言中，你會用這些符號來表示語言，對吧？

They use this phonetic alphabet because they know it's international, and people who study languages will also use it.

他們使用語音字母是因為他們知道那是能與國際接軌的，且學習這語言的人們也同時會使用這個系統。

But a lot of English dictionaries just use syllables.

但很多的英文字典就只採用音節、音標來表示。

They break the word down into, like -- sorry -- numb nuts? Number. Number.

他們把字拆解成像是 -- 抱歉 -- 麻木的花生？數～字。數～字。

And what they're looking for is vowel sound, not vowels. Don't make a mistake.

而他們注重於母音而不是子音。別犯錯囉。

I've often done it and told students -- I say, you know, "When we use syllables we break it down to units of a word with a vowel."

我常常會弄錯然後告訴學生們 -- 我說阿：「當我們使用音節來標示念法時，我們把字拆解成一組組以母音們組成的單位。」

And what I mean to say is "with a vowel sound" because sometimes there will be two vowels, but they make a sound.

而我的意思是說「以一組母音為焦點」，因為有時候會有兩個母音連在一起，但它們只念一個音。

For example, "ee" or "ei" can make one sound, okay?

比如說，"ee"或是"ei"可以以單一個音來讀，明白嗎？

And that can be in a vowel unit. So check to see if your dictionary is either phonetic -- and that means you're going to need the International Phonetic Alphabet -- or syllable-based, which means they will break the word into units with a syllable sound.

而這就組成了一組母音單元。所以，去查查看你的字典是語音學發音法的 -- 也就是說你會需要國際語音字母系統 -- 或音節式為基礎的，也就是說他們會把一個字以音節發音為單位拆成幾個小單元。

Easy? Is that understood? Let's move on, okay?

簡單明瞭？懂了吧？那我們繼續學下去囉，好嗎？

So that's something you're going to look at because this will help you build your vocabulary because knowing what a word looks like and what it sounds like is very, very different, okay?

這是你要接下來繼續去學習的，因為這會幫助你建立你的字彙量，因為你會學到聽起非常不同但看起來很相似的字。明白了嗎？

And this is to help you pronounce the word.

Remember: Learning vocabulary is (1) know when you see it, (2) know when you hear it, (3) know how to say it, (4) understand what it means.

記住：學習字彙要點第一，看到要知道其意思，第二，聽到時就知道是哪個字，第三，知道如何去使用它，第四，了解它的意思。

Then you build vocabulary. And this is "know what it sounds like", okay?.

那麼你的字彙量就會提高。而剛剛所教就是稱作「知道那個字聽起來如何」，好嗎？

Next, (C) What part of speech? Well, what is the word?

下一個。(C) 詞性式？嗯，那是什麼字？

I can spell less "beaty" like "Ned Beatty", but that's not what I wanted to write.

我可以不要拼得那麼「有韻味」像是「奈得．畢提」，但這不是我想要寫的

When you "beautify" something, it's not the same as "beauty".

當你「美化」某物時，它不像是「美」這個詞的意義。

"He's a right beauty." "She's a beauty." Right? They're different words. So we're asking ourselves, what, what do these words do, right?

"他是個帥哥。」「她是個美人。」對吧？這是兩個不同的字。所以我們問自己，什麼，這些字是做什麼？

"She's a beauty", so we're looking at an adjective and adverb.

「她是個美人」，所以我們在找一個形容詞和一個副詞。

Beautify, adverbs do a different job than an adjective, right? So the dictionary will tell you how to use it.

「美化」，副詞跟形容詞的作用式不同的，對吧？所以字典會告訴你如何使用它。

Remember we said, "What does it sound like?"

記得我們說的「這聽起來如何？」

First part is, it tells you what it looks like, right? It gives you the word, the word.

第一個部分是，它告訴你它看起來是怎樣子，對吧？它給你一個字，一個字。

The next it tells you what it sounds like. The next it tells you how to use it, right?

下一個字會告訴你它聽起來像是什麼。接下來要告訴你怎麼使用它，可以嗎？

"That girl is a beauty." Or "What a beauty she is." Versus, "We need to beautify our house." It's not the same.

「這個女孩是個美人。」或者「她多麼美呀。」 對上，「我們需要美化我們的房子」這不一樣。

And you have to know what part of speech to use it otherwise you'll use it badly, okay?

然後你需要知道字的詞性以便正確使用它，不然你會誤用，可以嗎？

Next, we're going to go over to "other possible forms".

下一個，我們要檢視「其他可能的形式」。

So other possible forms are -- well, let me correct something I made a mistake on. I said it. I made a mistake because I'm human.

其他可能的形式是 -- 這個嘛，如果我有說錯，讓我更正一下。我說過。我犯個了錯，因為我也只是人而已。

I was so busy thinking about the mistake I made with "beauty," I said this was an adverb. It's a verb.

我是如此忙碌於思考我犯的關於「美」這個字的錯誤，因為我之前說它是副詞。

So I know you guys who love to catch me, you caught me. Ow, ow, bad teacher, all right?

它是個動詞。我知道你們喜歡挑我毛病，被你們抓到了。喔挖，喔挖，差勁的老師。

It's a verb, all right? So we've got noun, verb.

這是個動詞。我們有名詞，動詞了，

Now, let's go to "other possible forms", okay? Now, what the dictionary will also do to help you is after it tells you this is a noun or this is a verb -- noun, verb, okay -- it'll tell you other forms.

現在，我們來看「其他可能的形式」。現在，字典能幫助你的除了告訴你詞性是名詞或是動詞外 -- 名詞，動詞，可以嗎 -- 它還告訴你字的其他形式。

It might tell you, okay, you could do something "slow" or "slowly".

它可能會告訴你，好，你可以"慢慢的"或"慢慢地"做事情。

Or you can have "pant", which is completely different.

或者是 pant，是完全不同的意思。

"Pant" is [pant like a dog] and "pants", which I'm wearing, but you can't see.

"Pant"(喘氣)是(氣喘吁吁像隻狗)和"pants"(褲子)，也就是我正穿著的。但螢幕上看不到。

I am wearing them, trust me. I'm not doing it in my underwear.

你知道的，我穿著它們，相信我。我不是穿著內褲錄影的。

E 它是裸體沒錯 ; 而我有穿衣服，好嗎？

So it'll tell you other possible forms that you can use of that word, right?

所以字典會告訴你字的其他你會用到的可能的形式，明白嗎？

Now, I've given you something to help you with the dictionary, and this is fun. It's a nice, short lesson. I'm hoping it's going to be very useful because even Canadians -- I say "Canadians";

好，已經給了你一些知識關於你的字典如何幫助你，而且富饒趣味。這是個短而質精的課程。我希望這對你們來說是有用的因為，甚至加拿大人 -- 我說"加拿大人"，

I'm sorry, but a lot of English speakers don't know how to use the dictionary because it's set up in a way they just kind of look for the definition, and they don't know that these things are there to help them.

抱歉，但很多說英語的人不知道怎麼使用字典，因為它編排的方式就只被用來查詢字的定義，而他們卻不知道這些其他部分是來幫助他們知道更多這件事。

There have been words I've looked for where I've said, like, "discombooblate" because I don't know it's "discombobulate" because I don't understand if it's phonetic or the symbol -- syllable.

這邊有些字是我找到之前曾經說過的，像是，"discombooblate" 因為我不知道它是"discombobulate"，因為我不知道懂它是語音標示法的或是符號 -- 音標標示法。

And I had to learn when I started teaching students. When they say, "Teacher, why?" And I go, "Well, this is for this. This -- oh, golly, it is."

而當我開始要教學生的時候開始我也需要學習更多。當他們說：「老師，為什麼呀？」而我說：「這是因為這樣。這樣 -- 喔~，天呀，這是這樣喔。」

這真是太有用的東西了，對吧？

But before I go too far off course, which means away from the subject, I want to give you some tips because this is good.

但當然是我還沒教得太過偏離正軌之前囉，也就是我偏題了，我要給你們一些撇步，因為實在很好用。

This gives you power like a super power. You can use this and go, "I can learn words without the use of any other human being. Read, see, and hear."

就像給你超能力一樣。你能使用這個然後說：「我能夠學習字彙而不需要其他人類的幫助喔。讀，看和聽懂。」

But how about we build, because that's what the nature of this lesson is, to build our vocabulary. So let's go over here.

但是我們如何建立字彙量，也就是這堂課的本質所在，建立我們的字彙量。我們來瀏覽一遍

Ready? Tips. Tip No. 1: Look up words you hear every day, and then look at the words above and below the word to understand prefixes.

準備好了嗎？小撇步。第一步：查關於你每天都會聽到的字，然後看底下、和其上的字來了解字首。

This sentence makes no sense whatsoever. But it does because I'll explain it.

這個句子完全不通順呀。但經過我解釋之後你就能懂。

What I mean is, every day, when you're learning English, you're going to learn a new vocabulary word or whatnot.

我的意思是每天，當你在學習英文時，你要學習一個新的單字或諸如此類。

And what I want you to do is take that word, write it down, then go home, open your paper dictionary, okay?

而我要你做的就是把那個自寫下來，然後回家，打開你的紙本字典，可以嗎？

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